60 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Study the map of IGBONLA DISTRICT (scale 1:100,000) to answer this question. The scale of the map in statement form is one centimetre on the map represents
Answer: C (one kilometre on the ground.)
1:100,000 means 1 cm on the map = 100,000 cm = 1 km on the ground.
Study the map of IGBONLA DISTRICT (scale 1:100,000) to answer this question. Which of the following towns is visible from Ore?
Answer: A (Isapa)
Isapa lies close to Ore on the same low ground, with no hill between them, so it can be seen from Ore.
Study the map of IGBONLA DISTRICT (scale 1:100,000) to answer this question. The lower banks of River Ati could best be used for the cultivation of
Answer: C (rice.)
The lower banks of River Ati are an area liable to flooding, which suits swamp rice.
Study the map of IGBONLA DISTRICT (scale 1:100,000) to answer this question. The growth of IGBONLA settlement is as a result of its location as the
Answer: D (meeting point of different route ways.)
Four roads meet at IGBONLA, so it grew as a nodal settlement.
Study the map of IGBONLA DISTRICT (scale 1:100,000) to answer this question. Plantation agriculture is practised in the
Answer: B (northwest.)
The plantation symbol is in the north-west corner of the map.
Study the map of IGBONLA DISTRICT (scale 1:100,000) to answer this question. The angular bearing of Faki from IGBONLA is approximately
Answer: C (310°.)
Faki lies north-west of IGBONLA, a little more west than north, giving about 310°.
Study the map of IGBONLA DISTRICT (scale 1:100,000) to answer this question. What is the contour interval on the map?
Answer: D (100 m)
The contours are numbered 100, 200, 300, 400 ... so the interval is 100 m.
Study the map of IGBONLA DISTRICT (scale 1:100,000) to answer this question. The highest point on the map is
Answer: C (850 m.)
The hill in the north has closed contours above the 600 m line (700 m and 800 m), so its top is a little over 800 m.
Study the map of IGBONLA DISTRICT (scale 1:100,000) to answer this question. The likely reason for the construction of the railway to link Ore with Kanbi is to
Answer: C (convey mineral products from Ore inland.)
Mineral workings are shown at Ore, and the railway carries the minerals away.
The nearest planet to the sun is the
Answer: D (Mercury.)
Mercury is the first planet from the sun.
The Longitude that joins Longitude 180° at the opposite side of the globe to form a Great Circle is
Answer: A (Longitude 0°.)
Opposite meridians differ by 180°, so 180° and 0° together make a great circle.
Which of the following lines of latitude divides the earth into two hemispheres?
Answer: C (The Equator)
The Equator (0°) divides the earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The angular distance of a point on the Earth's surface measured in degrees from the centre of the Earth east or west of the Greenwich Meridian is known as
Answer: D (longitude.)
Longitude is measured east or west of the Greenwich (Prime) Meridian.
An example of an organically formed sedimentary rock is
Answer: D (coal.)
Coal forms from the remains of plants.
Sills, dykes and batholiths are examples of
Answer: A (intrusive volcanic landforms.)
They form when magma cools inside the crust: intrusive features.
In which part of the atmosphere does rain clouds develop?
Answer: A (Troposphere)
Almost all water vapour and weather are in the lowest layer, the troposphere.
The process of headward erosion will lead to the formation of
Answer: C (river capture.)
A river cutting back at its source may reach and capture the headwaters of a neighbouring river.
Which type of rock are quartzite, schist and marble?
Answer: A (Metamorphic)
All three are rocks changed by heat and pressure: metamorphic.
A plateau that is enclosed by two fold mountains is called
Answer: A (an intermont plateau.)
An intermontane plateau lies between ranges of fold mountains, e.g. Tibet.
The nearest part of the ocean basin to the continent is called
Answer: C (continental shelf.)
The continental shelf borders the land, before the slope drops to the deep ocean.
The feature formed by cooling of molten magma across the bedding plane is
Answer: B (dyke.)
A dyke is a wall of igneous rock cutting across the bedding planes.
Lines on maps joining places of same temperature above sea level are called
Answer: A (isotherms.)
Isotherms join places of equal temperature.
When wet and dry bulb thermometers record the same temperature, it means
Answer: B (air is saturated.)
No evaporation from the wet bulb means the air holds all the water vapour it can: relative humidity 100%.
Which of the following best describes the harmattan? It is
Answer: C (dry and dusty.)
The harmattan blows from the Sahara, bringing dry, dusty air.
A disaster caused by nature or man which poses a serious danger to lives and properties of the people is called environmental
Answer: B (hazard.)
Events that threaten life and property are environmental hazards.
Environmental balance includes all the following except
Answer: D (earthquake cycle.)
There is no 'earthquake cycle' that keeps nature in balance; the others are natural cycles.
The Alps, Himalayas and Rocky mountains are
Answer: B (fold mountains.)
All three are young fold mountains.
Which of the following landforms is associated with wind deposition?
Answer: A (Barchan)
A barchan is a sand dune built by wind; the others are carved by wind erosion.
Swallow holes and disappearing streams are usually associated with
Answer: A (limestone regions.)
Streams sink through swallow holes into limestone.
Which of the following is a fossil fuel?
Answer: A (Lignite)
Lignite is brown coal, a fossil fuel.
The major source of power for most terrestrial ecosystems is
Answer: C (solar energy.)
Green plants capture the sun's energy, which feeds all other living things.
The figure (Imports & exports of selected countries in 2009, in million dollars) represents the imports and exports of selected countries in 2009. Use it to answer this question. By how much is the export of Japan higher than that of Ghana in 2009?
Answer: A (1,500 million)
Japan's exports are about 2,000 million and Ghana's about 500 million: 2,000 − 500 = 1,500 million.
The figure (Imports & exports of selected countries in 2009, in million dollars) represents the imports and exports of selected countries in 2009. Use it to answer this question. How much did the United States of America (U.S.A.) spend on imports in 2009?
Answer: D (1,000 million)
The U.S.A. bar reaches 2,800; exports make up about 1,800 of it, so imports are about 1,000 million.
The figure (Imports & exports of selected countries in 2009, in million dollars) represents the imports and exports of selected countries in 2009. Use it to answer this question. The statistical method used for representing the data above is
Answer: B (divided bar graph.)
Each bar is split into two parts (imports and exports): a divided bar graph.
The problems associated with the world's high population growth rate include all the following except
Answer: D (adequate medical facilities.)
Adequate medical facilities are not a problem.
Which of the following is the smallest form of settlement?
Answer: A (Farmstead)
A farmstead is a single farm household, the smallest settlement.
Which of the following best explains why limestone areas are often dry?
Answer: C (Rain water percolates easily through limestone rocks.)
Water sinks quickly through the joints of limestone, leaving the surface dry.
An advantage of air transport in the world is its
Answer: D (speedy movement of goods and passengers.)
Air transport is the fastest means of transport.
Leather works, carving, cloth weaving are examples of
Answer: C (local craft industry.)
These are traditional handicrafts made with simple tools.
Which of the following metals is used extensively in the electrical industry?
Answer: C (Copper)
Copper conducts electricity very well and is used for wires.
A port that specializes in receiving and redistributing goods to other nations is
Answer: C (an entreport.)
An entrepot receives goods and re-exports them.
The concentration of industries in urban centres of developing countries is due to all the following except
Answer: C (location of raw materials.)
Most raw materials come from rural areas, so they do not explain why industries crowd into towns.
Which objective of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is performed by WAFU?
Answer: D (Cultural integration)
WAFU, the West African Football Union, brings the peoples of member states together through sport, which serves cultural integration.
The export trade of most West African countries consists of
Answer: B (primary products.)
West African exports are mainly raw materials such as crude oil, cocoa and minerals.
The measure of population concentration in a place is called
Answer: B (population density.)
Population density measures how many people live per unit of area.
Which of the following factors can be used to differentiate between a village and a town?
Answer: D (Function)
Towns perform many functions (commercial, administrative, industrial); villages mainly primary ones.
The financial headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is located at
Answer: A (Lome)
The ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development (formerly the ECOWAS Fund) is in Lomé, Togo.
(a) Highlight any five factors that have accounted for the world's rapid population growth. (b) Outline any five problems of rapid population growth.
(a) Improved medical care and lower death rates (especially infant mortality); better food supply from improved agriculture; improved sanitation and water supply; early marriage and polygamy; religious and cultural beliefs favouring large families; illiteracy and poor family planning; desire for children of a particular sex or as farm labour; improved social amenities; peace and stability.
(b) Shortage of food and malnutrition; unemployment; housing shortage and slums; pressure on schools, hospitals and other amenities; high crime rate; pollution and environmental degradation; depletion of resources; spread of diseases; high cost of living; increased government spending.
Five clear points in each part.
(a)(i) Describe four classes of towns based on their functions. (ii) Give one example of each of the classes of towns described in 2(a)(i) above. (b) Explain four ways in which rural and urban areas are interdependent.
(a)(i)/(ii) Administrative towns: seats of government (Abuja, Accra); commercial towns: centres of trade and banking (Lagos, Onitsha, Kano); industrial towns: based on manufacturing (Aba, Tema, Manchester); mining towns: grew around mines (Jos, Enugu, Obuasi, Johannesburg); port towns: handle ships and trade (Apapa, Tema, Hamburg); educational towns: universities (Oxford, Nsukka, Ile-Ife); religious towns: pilgrimage centres (Mecca, Jerusalem, Rome); resort towns: tourism (Obudu, Miami); market towns (Onitsha, Kumasi).
(b) Rural areas supply food to towns, towns supply manufactured goods to rural areas; rural areas supply raw materials to urban industries; rural areas supply labour, urban areas provide jobs and send money (remittances) back; towns provide services (hospitals, banks, higher schools, markets) used by rural people; urban dwellers invest in and develop their home villages; towns spread new ideas and technology.
Give a real example for each class.
(a) Highlight five characteristics of manufacturing industries in Tropical African countries. (b) Outline five problems of manufacturing industries in your country.
(a) Mostly light, consumer-goods industries; concentrated in capital and port cities; mainly import-substitution and processing of agricultural raw materials; small scale and labour intensive; dependence on imported machinery, spare parts and raw materials; much foreign ownership or capital; low technology; operate below installed capacity; produce mainly for home markets.
(b) (Nigeria) Erratic power supply; inadequate capital and high interest rates; poor infrastructure (roads, water); shortage of local raw materials and spare parts; shortage of skilled manpower; competition from imported and smuggled goods; low purchasing power; multiple taxes and policy changes; insecurity; corruption.
Five points in each part.
(a) Describe Nigeria under the following headings: (i) location; (ii) size. (b) In what five ways are highlands important to the economy of Nigeria?
(a)(i) Location: in West Africa, between latitudes 4°N and 14°N and longitudes 3°E and 15°E; bounded by the Republic of Benin to the west, Niger to the north, Chad to the north-east, Cameroon to the east and the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Guinea/Bight of Benin and Biafra) to the south.
(ii) Size: area of about 923,768 km²; about 1,040 km from north to south and 1,120 km from east to west; coastline about 800 km; one of the largest countries in West Africa and the most populous in Africa; 36 states and FCT.
(b) Minerals (tin and columbite on the Jos Plateau, coal at Udi, gold); sources of rivers and sites for HEP and dams (Shiroro); cool climate good for tourism and resorts (Jos, Obudu Cattle Ranch, Mambilla); grazing land free of tsetse; temperate crops (Irish potatoes, tea on Mambilla); forest products; relief rainfall; defence and boundaries.
Give latitude and longitude figures for location.
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name: (i) the Western Highlands; (ii) Rivers Niger and Benue; (iii) the Kainji Lake; (iv) Lagos. (b) Highlight any three characteristics of rivers in Nigeria. (c) State any two benefits of Kainji Lake to Nigeria.
(a) Map: Western Highlands in the south-west (Oyo, Osun, Ekiti, Kwara); Niger entering from the north-west, through Kainji, to Lokoja and the delta; Benue entering from Cameroon in the east and joining at Lokoja; Kainji Lake on the Niger in Niger/Kwara State; Lagos on the south-west coast.
(b) Seasonal regime (high water in the rainy season, low in the dry season); many rise in the central highlands and flow outwards (radial pattern) to the Niger-Benue system, Lake Chad or the sea; rapids and waterfalls in their upper courses; sandbars and silting at their mouths; many short coastal rivers; the Niger forms a large delta.
(c) Hydro-electric power; fishing; irrigation; water transport; flood control; tourism (Kainji Lake National Park); water supply.
Place Kainji on the Niger, not the Benue.
(a) Draw a sketch map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name: (i) two areas important for cattle rearing; (ii) one town in any of the areas shown in 6(a)(i) above. (b) Explain four factors which encourage cattle rearing in Northern Nigeria. (c) Highlight three reasons why cattle rearing is less important in Southern Nigeria.
(a) Map: e.g. Sokoto-Katsina-Kano plains, Bauchi/Borno (Chad Basin), Jos Plateau, Mambilla Plateau, Adamawa; town such as Kano, Sokoto, Maiduguri or Jos.
(b) Extensive grassland and pasture; absence of tsetse fly because of the long dry season; low rainfall reduces diseases such as foot rot; Fulani tradition and skill in herding; flat open plains; large markets in the south and good transport (rail, roads); veterinary services; cattle valued as wealth.
(c) Presence of tsetse fly (trypanosomiasis); dense forest with little good pasture; heavy rainfall encourages cattle diseases; land is used mainly for crops, causing conflict with farmers; people are traditionally crop farmers; high cost of feed.
Explain why each factor helps cattle.
Use the data in the table below to answer the questions that follow. Production of cocoa in country Z (in thousand tonnes) for 2008 and 2009 from three production regions A, B and C.
Region A: 2008 30; 2009 40
Region B: 2008 40; 2009 30
Region C: 2008 50; 2009 70
(a) Construct a multiple bar graph to show the data. (b) Outline any three advantages of the method used.
(a) Title; vertical axis 'Production (thousand tonnes)' with a scale such as 1 cm = 10 thousand tonnes from 0 to 70; horizontal axis with regions A, B and C; for each region two bars side by side (2008 and 2009) drawn to the correct heights (A 30 and 40; B 40 and 30; C 50 and 70); different shading for each year with a key; equal bar widths and gaps between regions.
(b) Easy to construct; easy to read and understand; makes comparison between years and regions easy; actual values can be read off; shows changes (rise in A and C, fall in B); attractive.
Use the same shading for each year throughout.
(a) What is a latitude? (b) State any three similarities between lines of longitudes and latitudes. (c) Outline any five ways in which lines of longitudes differ from lines of latitudes.
(a) Latitude is the angular distance of a place north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees from the centre of the earth.
(b) Both are imaginary lines; both are measured in degrees; both are used together to locate places (grid reference); both are drawn on maps and globes; both have a starting line of 0° (Equator, Prime Meridian).
(c) Longitudes run north-south, latitudes east-west; longitudes meet at the poles, latitudes are parallel and never meet; all longitudes are equal in length (half great circles), latitudes get shorter towards the poles; longitudes go from 0° to 180° east and west, latitudes from 0° to 90° north and south; longitudes are used to calculate time, latitudes to tell climate zones and distance north-south; every longitude with its opposite forms a great circle, only the Equator among latitudes is a great circle; distance between longitudes decreases towards the poles, between latitudes it is constant (about 111 km).
Set differences out in pairs.
(a) Define climate. (b) With the aid of a diagram, describe how latitudes influence temperature. (c) Calculate the temperature at a coastal mountain peak of height 6000 metres when the temperature at sea level is 40°C.
(a) Climate is the average weather conditions (temperature, rainfall, pressure, wind, humidity) of a place over a long period, usually about 35 years.
(b) Near the Equator the sun's rays are vertical (overhead) and concentrated on a small area and pass through less atmosphere, so temperatures are high; towards the poles the rays are slanting, spread over a larger area and pass through more atmosphere (more absorption and reflection), so temperatures are lower; temperature therefore decreases from the Equator towards the poles. Diagram of the globe with vertical and oblique rays covering different areas.
(c) Temperature falls about 6.5°C for every 1,000 m: 6,000 ÷ 1,000 × 6.5 = 39°C fall; temperature at the peak = 40 − 39 = 1°C.
Use the normal lapse rate of 6.5°C per 1,000 m.
Describe chemically formed sedimentary rocks under the following headings: (a) mode of formation; (b) examples; (c) importance.
(a) Formed when minerals dissolved in water are precipitated or left behind as the water evaporates (e.g. in lakes or enclosed seas in hot dry areas), or by chemical reactions; the deposits harden in layers.
(b) Rock salt (halite), gypsum, potash, chalk/limestone of chemical origin, dolomite, trona, ironstone, flint, nitrates.
(c) Rock salt for cooking and the chemical industry; gypsum for cement and plaster of Paris; potash and nitrates for fertilisers; limestone for cement and lime; trona for soap and glass; export earnings and employment.
Give at least three examples.
Explain the occurrence of drought under the following headings: (a) causes; (b) area affected; (c) effects; (d) control.
(a) Long absence or failure of rainfall; late onset or early end of rains; high temperatures and evaporation; low humidity and little cloud; deforestation and desertification; climate change; shift in pressure belts (ITD not moving far north).
(b) Sahel and Sudan savanna of West Africa (northern Nigeria, Niger, Mali, Chad, Burkina Faso), Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia), Kalahari region, Australia interior, parts of India.
(c) Crop failure, famine and malnutrition; death of livestock; drying up of rivers, lakes and wells; migration of people and animals; desertification; conflict between farmers and herders; poverty and loss of income; diseases.
(d) Irrigation and dams to store water; afforestation and shelter belts; drought-resistant crops; water conservation; controlled grazing; cloud seeding; early warning and food storage; public education.
Write points under all four headings.
(a) List three processes of river erosion. (b) Outline four characteristics of each of the following sections of a river valley: (i) upper course; (ii) middle course; (iii) lower course.
(a) Hydraulic action; corrasion (abrasion); attrition; solution (corrosion).
(b)(i) Upper course: steep gradient; fast flow; mainly vertical (downward) erosion; narrow, steep-sided V-shaped valley; interlocking spurs; waterfalls, rapids, potholes and gorges; small volume; large boulders.
(ii) Middle course: gentler gradient; lateral erosion widens the valley; larger volume from tributaries; meanders begin; river cliffs and slip-off slopes; some deposition; wider, open V-shaped valley with small floodplain.
(iii) Lower course: very gentle gradient; slow flow; deposition is the main work; wide flat floodplain; large meanders and ox-bow lakes; levees; braided channels; delta or estuary at the mouth; largest volume and fine load.
Four points for each course.
(a) With the aid of a diagram, describe water table. (b) Outline three factors that influence the depth of water table.
(a) The water table is the upper surface of the zone of saturation in permeable rock, below which all pore spaces are filled with water; above it is the zone of aeration (unsaturated); it roughly follows the shape of the land surface, being higher under hills and nearer the surface in valleys; it rises in the wet season and falls in the dry season (permanent and intermittent saturation zones); where it meets the surface springs, swamps, lakes or rivers form. Diagram showing land surface, zone of aeration, water table, zone of saturation, impermeable rock, well and spring.
(b) Amount and season of rainfall; permeability and porosity of rocks; relief/slope of the land; vegetation cover; rate of evaporation and temperature; human use (wells, boreholes, irrigation); nearness to rivers, lakes or the sea; tides near coasts.
Label both saturation zones on the diagram.