62 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Study the map of MAGOKO DISTRICT to answer this question. What is the approximate distance by road from Ute to Ibara?
Answer: A (2.25 km)
Follow the road from Ute north-east to Ibara with a strip of paper and lay it on the linear scale: a little over 2 km.
Study the map of MAGOKO DISTRICT to answer this question. The angular bearing of Busa from Abara is approximately
Answer: D (80°)
Busa lies almost due east of Abara, slightly to the north, so its bearing measured clockwise from north is about 80°.
Study the map of MAGOKO DISTRICT to answer this question. The relief feature in the North Western part of the map is called a
Answer: C (conical hill)
In the north-west the contours form small closed rings one inside another: a conical hill.
Study the map of MAGOKO DISTRICT to answer this question. The feature marked A - B is called a
Answer: C (spur)
Between A and B the contours bend outwards from the higher ground, forming a tongue of land sloping down: a spur.
Study the map of MAGOKO DISTRICT to answer this question. In which of the following towns is a palm oil processing factory likely to be located?
Answer: B (Magoko)
Magoko is the largest town, on the road, and is surrounded by palm trees that would supply the factory.
Study the map of MAGOKO DISTRICT to answer this question. Ute and Ugbo can best be described as
Answer: B (mining settlements)
Mineral working symbols are printed beside both Ute and Ugbo.
Study the map of MAGOKO DISTRICT to answer this question. Which of the following towns is not visible from Ibara?
Answer: B (Ugbo)
The hill (over 400 m) in the north stands between Ibara and Ugbo and blocks the view.
Study the map of MAGOKO DISTRICT to answer this question. The total area covered by the map is approximately
Answer: D (66.25 km²)
Measure the length and width of the map frame against the linear scale and multiply them.
Study the climatic data for station X: Month J F M A M J J A S O N D; Rainfall (mm) 50, 70, 130, 170, 200, 300, 350, 300, 350, 250, 200, 150; Temperature (°C) 21, 20, 22, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 22, 22. The total annual rainfall for the station is
Answer: D (2520 mm.)
Add the twelve monthly totals: 50 + 70 + 130 + 170 + 200 + 300 + 350 + 300 + 350 + 250 + 200 + 150 = 2520 mm.
Study the climatic data for station X: Month J F M A M J J A S O N D; Rainfall (mm) 50, 70, 130, 170, 200, 300, 350, 300, 350, 250, 200, 150; Temperature (°C) 21, 20, 22, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 22, 22. The mean annual temperature for the station is
Answer: C (20.8°C)
Add the twelve temperatures (250°C) and divide by 12: about 20.8°C.
Study the climatic data for station X: Month J F M A M J J A S O N D; Rainfall (mm) 50, 70, 130, 170, 200, 300, 350, 300, 350, 250, 200, 150; Temperature (°C) 21, 20, 22, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 22, 22. What is the annual temperature range for station X?
Answer: A (2°C)
Range = highest minus lowest monthly temperature = 22°C − 20°C = 2°C.
Which of the following planets is closest to the sun?
Answer: D (Saturn)
Of these, Saturn (6th planet) is nearest the sun; Uranus, Neptune and Pluto lie farther out.
The combination of Sial and Sima constitute the
Answer: C (lithosphere)
Sial and sima are the rock layers of the crust, which form the lithosphere.
Chalk is a good example of
Answer: B (organically formed sedimentary rock)
Chalk is made from the shells and skeletons of tiny sea creatures, so it is an organically formed sedimentary rock.
Which of the following is not a metamorphic rock?
Answer: A (Grit)
Grit is a coarse sandstone (sedimentary); schist, marble and slate are metamorphic.
As a volley ball match was being played in town Y, the referee observed that the local time was noon while the Greenwich Mean Time was 22.00 hours on the same day. What is the longitude of town Y?
Answer: D (150°W.)
Town Y is 10 hours behind GMT, so it is west of Greenwich: 10 × 15° = 150°W.
The process of weathering in limestone region is mainly
Answer: C (solution)
Rainwater with dissolved carbon dioxide dissolves limestone (carbonation-solution).
Abrasion, attrition and deflation are processes of
Answer: C (wind erosion)
Deflation (blowing away of loose particles) happens only with wind, which also erodes by abrasion and attrition.
One of the features found in the upper course of a river is
Answer: A (gorge)
Rapid vertical erosion in the upper course cuts deep, narrow gorges; meanders and levées belong to the lower course.
Which of the following is a feature of limestone regions?
Answer: D (Stalagmite)
Stalagmites grow up from cave floors in limestone areas.
An aquifer can best be described as
Answer: A (water bearing rock in between two impervious layers of rock)
An aquifer is a permeable rock layer holding water, usually trapped between impermeable layers.
Fold mountains are basically formed as a result of
Answer: C (compressional force)
Fold mountains form when compressional forces squeeze rock layers into folds.
Which of the following is not a depositional lake?
Answer: D (Crater lake)
A crater lake fills a volcanic crater; flood-plain, ox-bow and barrier lakes are formed by deposits blocking water.
Sheet erosion tends to be more serious than other forms of erosion because it
Answer: A (involves more widespread removal of soil from the land surface)
Sheet erosion quietly removes a thin layer of fertile topsoil over a wide area before it is noticed.
Which of the following types of rock is a source of energy?
Answer: B (Coal)
Coal is burnt for heat and power.
A feature formed from the solidification of highly fluid basic lava on the earth's surface is known as a
Answer: B (basalt plateau)
Runny basic lava spreads widely before cooling and builds up into a lava (basalt) plateau.
Which of the following is not true of Cool Temperate Western Margin Climate?
Answer: D (Summer rainfall and winter drought.)
This climate has rain all year with a winter maximum, so 'summer rainfall and winter drought' is false.
Inselberg may best be described as
Answer: C (a residual hill with steep sides and usually exposed by denudation)
An inselberg is a steep-sided hill of hard rock left standing after the land around it has been worn down.
Which of the following statements is not true of dendritic pattern of drainage?
Answer: D (They are formed on heterogeneous rock surfaces.)
A dendritic pattern develops where the rock is uniform (homogeneous), so 'formed on heterogeneous rock surfaces' is the false statement.
Which of the following is a warm ocean current?
Answer: D (Mozambique)
The Mozambique current flows south from the tropics along East Africa and is warm; the others are cold.
Use Figure Y (a block diagram with blocks marked A and B) to answer this question. The area marked A in the diagram can be described as
Answer: C (Rift valley)
Block A has sunk down between two faults, below the blocks on either side: a rift valley.
Use Figure Y (a block diagram with blocks marked A and B) to answer this question. The area marked B in the diagram is an example of a
Answer: B (Horst)
Blocks B stand up above the sunken block between faults, so each is a horst (block mountain).
Which of the following is a feature of heavy manufacturing industries?
Answer: D (Dependence on electricity powered equipment.)
Heavy industries use large power-driven machines; the other options describe cottage industries.
Which of the following countries is the leading producer of petroleum?
Answer: B (Libya)
Of these countries, Libya produced the most crude oil at the time of this paper.
The ultimate source of energy in the biosphere is
Answer: B (the sun)
All food chains start with plants capturing the sun's energy.
Loamy soils are better for agriculture than other soil types because they
Answer: B (retain air, moisture and humus)
Loam mixes sand, silt and clay, so it drains well but still holds air, moisture and humus.
The thin layer of unconsolidated mineral particles and organic matter which covers land surfaces is called
Answer: A (Soil)
Soil is the loose mixture of mineral particles and organic matter on the land surface.
In which of the following ways is soil important to man? I. Serves as a medium for plant seeds to germinate II. Provides support for growing plants III. Brings water to the roots IV. Supplies minerals to the plants
Answer: D (I, II, III and IV.)
Soil does all four: seeds germinate in it, it anchors plants, holds water for roots and supplies mineral nutrients.
Which of the following does not cause coastal erosion?
Answer: D (Deflation)
Deflation is wind erosion in deserts; the others are wave processes.
Flooding can be prevented by
Answer: D (planning towns and cities, especially in humid regions.)
Good planning provides drains and keeps buildings off flood plains, which prevents floods; the other options make flooding worse or do nothing.
The mode of transport that is best suited for the distribution of petroleum products is
Answer: D (pipeline)
Pipelines move liquids continuously, cheaply and safely over long distances.
Which of the following transport systems is most affected by climatic factors?
Answer: D (Air transport)
Fog, storms, dust haze and poor visibility often ground or divert aircraft.
Pastoral nomadism is practised in the Savanna areas of West Africa by the
Answer: A (Fulani)
The Fulani herders move their cattle through the West African savanna; the Masai and Turkana are in East Africa.
Which of the following is a major trading sea route between Nigeria and Western Europe?
Answer: A (The North Atlantic)
Ships from Nigeria go north through the Atlantic to Western European ports.
The low level of trade among African countries is due to
Answer: B (similarity of products)
African countries mostly produce the same primary goods, so they have little to exchange.
Which of the following countries is not a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)?
Answer: A (Cameroun)
Cameroon is in Central Africa and belongs to ECCAS, not ECOWAS.
(a)(i) Explain the term settlement. (ii) Name two major types of settlement. (b) Highlight any four factors that influence the location of settlements. (c) Outline, with examples, any four functions of settlements.
(a)(i) A settlement is a place where people live and carry out their activities, made up of houses and other buildings and the routes linking them; it may be a single homestead, village, town or city.
(ii) Rural settlement and urban settlement (or nucleated and dispersed).
(b) Water supply; fertile land; defence (hilltops); route centres/nodal points; mineral deposits; flat, well-drained building land; absence of pests and diseases; government policy; sheltered harbours.
(c) Commercial (Kano, Onitsha); administrative (Abuja, Accra); port (Lagos, Tema); mining (Jos, Enugu); educational (Nsukka, Zaria); religious (Mecca, Rome); military (Jaji); tourist (Obudu, Cape Coast); industrial.
Give a named example for every function.
(a) Explain five ways in which transportation contributes to the economic development of a country. (b) Outline any five factors that can affect transport development in a country.
(a) Moves raw materials to factories and goods to markets; opens up remote areas for farming and mining; promotes internal and international trade; provides jobs and revenue; aids national unity and spread of ideas; supports tourism; makes social services reachable; helps defence and administration.
(b) Relief (mountains, swamps); climate (floods, fog); capital available; level of technology and spare parts; rivers with rapids and falls or water weeds; volume of traffic (demand); government policy; political stability; management.
Give each point with a brief example.
(a) Describe any five characteristics of manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa. (b) Highlight five problems facing manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa.
(a) Mostly light consumer-goods industries (food, drinks, textiles); few heavy industries; small scale; concentrated in large towns and ports; labour intensive; many depend on imported raw materials, machinery and skilled staff; much foreign ownership; products mainly for local market; many process agricultural raw materials.
(b) Shortage of capital; poor power supply; poor transport; shortage of skilled labour; small market and low incomes; competition from imports; political instability; shortage of raw materials and spare parts; poor management and corruption.
Characteristics describe what industries are like; problems explain what holds them back.
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name: (i) one cattle rearing zone (ii) three towns in the rearing zone (iii) one direction of movement of cattle from the rearing zone to one named consuming area (use arrow). (b) Outline three problems of cattle rearing in Nigeria. (c) How are these problems being solved?
(a) Rearing zone: the northern savanna (Sokoto, Kano, Katsina, Borno, Bauchi) or the Jos/Mambilla/Obudu plateaux; towns Sokoto, Kano, Maiduguri, Katsina, Potiskum; arrow from the north to Lagos, Ibadan or Port Harcourt.
(b) Tsetse fly (trypanosomiasis) and other diseases (rinderpest, foot and mouth); poor pasture and water in the dry season; poor breeds and management; long distance to markets and poor transport; cattle rustling and clashes with farmers; poor storage of meat and milk; lack of capital.
(c) Vaccination and veterinary clinics; tsetse eradication; grazing reserves, ranches and improved pasture; boreholes and dams; cross-breeding; cold storage and refrigerated transport; loans and extension services; security and laws on grazing routes.
Match each solution to a problem you named.
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, mark and name the following: (i) two areas noted for inland fishing (ii) one area noted for off-shore fishing (iii) one important town in each of the areas shown on the map. (b)(i) Name three methods of fishing in Nigeria (ii) Identify four types of fish caught. (c) Outline three benefits of fishing to the Nigerian economy.
(a) Inland fishing: Lake Chad (Baga), Kainji Lake (New Bussa), the Niger and Benue rivers (Lokoja, Makurdi), Sokoto-Rima (Argungu); off-shore: the coastal waters off Lagos, Niger Delta (Warri, Port Harcourt, Calabar).
(b)(i) Nets (seine, cast, gill), hook and line, traps and baskets, trawling, harpoons, use of plant poisons.
(ii) Tilapia, catfish, mackerel, croaker, herring/bonga, shrimps, sardines, barracuda.
(c) Cheap protein food; employment; income and foreign exchange; raw materials (fish meal, oil) for industries; revenue; tourism (Argungu festival).
Show inland areas on lakes and rivers and off-shore areas at the coast.
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name: (i) the forest belts (ii) an important town in each belt (iii) the Lake Chad. (b) Describe three characteristics of any one of the forest belts shown on the map. (c) Outline three ways in which the forest belts are of importance to Nigeria.
(a) Mangrove swamp forest along the coast (Port Harcourt, Warri, Lagos); tropical rain forest inland (Benin City, Ibadan, Enugu, Akure); freshwater swamp forest of the Niger Delta interior; Lake Chad in the north-east.
(b) Rain forest: tall evergreen trees in three layers; broad leaves and buttress roots; many species (mahogany, iroko, obeche); climbers and epiphytes; dense undergrowth. Mangrove: stilt (aerial) roots; trees about 10-20 m; few species; grow in salty muddy water.
(c) Timber for building and export; fuelwood and charcoal; raw materials for paper, plywood and furniture industries; food, fruits and medicinal plants; habitat for wildlife and tourism; protect soils and influence climate; employment.
Mark each belt in its correct latitude from the coast inland.
(a) Draw an outline map of Africa. On the map, locate and name: (i) the canary and the Madagascar Islands (ii) Drakensberg mountain (iii) Latitudes 37°N and 23½°S. (b) Describe the position and size of Africa in relation to other continents.
(a) Canary Islands off the north-west coast near Morocco; Madagascar off south-east Africa across the Mozambique Channel; Drakensberg along the south-east of South Africa/Lesotho; 37°N near the northern tip (Tunisia, Cape Bon); 23½°S (Tropic of Capricorn) across Namibia, Botswana, South Africa/Mozambique and Madagascar.
(b) Position: lies between about 37°N and 35°S, and 17°W and 51°E; almost bisected by the equator; crossed by both tropics; bounded by the Mediterranean (north), Red Sea (north-east), Indian Ocean (east) and Atlantic (west); joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez; close to Europe across the Strait of Gibraltar.
Size: second largest continent after Asia, about 30 million km² (one-fifth of the world's land); about 8,000 km from north to south and 7,400 km east to west.
Give latitudes, longitudes and the seas round Africa for position.
(a) Draw a map of Africa. On the map, locate and name: (i) an important area for the production of crude oil in Nigeria, Algeria and Libya (ii) one important town in each area. (b) Describe any three ways in which crude oil is of economic importance to any one of the countries in 8(a)(i) above. (c) Outline three problems that face the production of crude oil in the country in 8(b) above.
(a) Nigeria: Niger Delta (Port Harcourt, Warri); Algeria: Hassi Messaoud area of the Sahara (Hassi Messaoud, Arzew, Skikda); Libya: Sirte Basin (Brega, Tobruk, Benghazi, Ras Lanuf).
(b) Major source of foreign exchange and government revenue; employment; raw materials for petrochemical industries (plastics, fertilizer); fuel and energy for transport and industry; growth of towns and infrastructure; attracts foreign investment.
(c) (Nigeria) Oil spillage and pollution; militancy, vandalism and kidnapping; gas flaring; swampy terrain; fluctuating world prices; dependence on foreign technology and skilled staff; corruption; communal conflicts over land.
Choose one country and keep all your examples to it in (b) and (c).
(a) Draw an outline map of Africa. On the map, show and name one area of: (i) Equatorial climate (ii) Tropical continental climate (iii) Mediterranean climate (iv) One important town each in 9(a)(i) and (ii) above. (b)(i) Name the type of vegetation associated with the Tropical Continental Climate. (ii) Outline four ways in which the vegetation named in 9(b)(i) above has adapted to the climatic characteristics of the area.
(a) Equatorial: Congo Basin or Guinea coast (Kisangani, Libreville, Douala); tropical continental: savanna belt of West Africa or Sudan (Kano, Bamako, N'Djamena, Khartoum); Mediterranean: north-west Africa (Algiers, Tunis) or the south-west Cape (Cape Town).
(b)(i) Savanna (tropical grassland with scattered trees).
(ii) Deciduous trees shed leaves in the dry season to reduce water loss; long tap roots reach underground water; thick bark resists fire and drought; small, waxy or thorny leaves reduce transpiration; grasses die back in the dry season and sprout with the rains; some trees (baobab) store water in swollen trunks; umbrella-shaped crowns.
Link each adaptation to the long dry season.
(a) Explain the term Traversing. (b) A traverse along a path in a school compound produced the following field records:
Line AB: length 100 m, bearing 70°
Line BC: length 350 m, bearing 120°
Line CD: length 120 m, bearing 85°
Line DE: length 75 m, bearing 55°
Use the field records above to plot the path on a scale of 1 cm to 50 metres. (c) What is the distance, in metres, between A and E along the traverse line?
(a) Traversing is a survey method in which a series of connected straight lines is measured for length (tape or chain) and direction (prismatic compass bearing) to map a path, road, river or boundary; it may be open (does not return to the start) or closed.
(b) Convert: AB 2 cm, BC 7 cm, CD 2.4 cm, DE 1.5 cm; at A draw a north line and plot AB on 70°, then from each new point a north line and the next bearing; label stations, give title, scale and north arrow.
(c) Distance along the traverse = 100 + 350 + 120 + 75 = 645 m.
Draw a fresh north line at every station before measuring the bearing.
(a) What are sedimentary rocks? (b) Name the three classes of sedimentary rocks according to their mode of formation. (c) Describe one of the classes of sedimentary rocks in 3(b) above. (d) Outline four ways in which sedimentary rocks are of importance to man.
(a) Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed from layers of sediment (rock particles, plant and animal remains, or chemical deposits) laid down mostly in water, then compacted and cemented.
(b) Mechanically formed; organically formed; chemically formed.
(c) e.g. Mechanically formed: particles from weathered rocks carried by rivers, wind, ice or waves, deposited in layers and cemented; e.g. sandstone, shale, clay, conglomerate. Organically formed: from remains of plants (coal) or animals (limestone, chalk, coral). Chemically formed: from minerals precipitated from solution by evaporation, e.g. rock salt, gypsum, potash.
(d) Building materials (sandstone, limestone for cement); source of fuel (coal, petroleum, natural gas); clay for pottery and bricks; salt and potash; good aquifers for water; fertile soils; fossils for study; tourist attraction (caves).
For (c) give how the class forms plus two examples.
(a) Explain the term salinity. (b) Describe three factors that cause variations in the salinity of seas and oceans. (c) Outline three ways in which oceans are of importance to man.
(a) Salinity is the amount of dissolved salts in sea water, usually expressed in parts per thousand (about 35‰ on average).
(b) Rate of evaporation: high evaporation in hot dry areas raises salinity (Red Sea); fresh water from rivers, rain and melting ice lowers it (Baltic Sea, equatorial waters); degree of mixing by currents and winds; enclosed seas cut off from the open ocean become very salty or very fresh.
(c) Fishing and food; transport and trade by sea; source of minerals and oil; moderates climate and supplies moisture for rain; tourism and recreation; salt; power from waves and tides.
Explain how each factor adds or removes water or salt.
With the aid of diagrams and examples, write explanatory notes on any two of the following: (a) Rift valley (b) Horst (c) Volcanic mountain.
(a) Rift valley: a long narrow valley with steep sides formed when a block of land sinks between two parallel normal faults (tensional forces), or when compression pushes side blocks up; diagram of the sunken block between faults; e.g. East African Rift Valley, Rhine rift valley, Jordan valley.
(b) Horst (block mountain): an upstanding block between two parallel faults, formed when the side blocks sink or the centre is pushed up; steep sides and a flat top; e.g. Ruwenzori, Vosges, Black Forest, Usambara.
(c) Volcanic mountain: formed when magma and other materials pour out through a vent and pile up into a cone; may be an ash cone, lava cone or composite cone with crater at the top; e.g. Mount Cameroon, Kilimanjaro, Fuji.
Draw a labelled cross-section for each feature.
(a) Outline any two differences between Greek and Koppen's system of climatic classification. (b) List any four major features of Koppen's system. (c) Describe any four features of the af climatic type (Tropical Rainforest Climate) in Koppen's classification.
(a) Greek system uses only temperature (latitude) while Koppen uses temperature, rainfall and vegetation; Greek has three zones (torrid, temperate, frigid) while Koppen has five main types with many sub-types; Greek is descriptive while Koppen uses numerical limits and letters.
(b) Uses letter symbols; five main groups A, B, C, D, E (tropical rainy, dry, warm temperate, cool snow-forest, polar), plus H (highland); based on mean monthly temperature and precipitation values; vegetation boundaries used; second and third letters for seasonality (f, w, s, m) and temperature.
(c) Af: temperature high all year, every month above 18°C (about 27°C); small annual range (2-3°C); rain throughout the year, every month over 60 mm, total over 1,500-2,000 mm; double maxima; high humidity; convectional thunderstorms in the afternoons; supports tropical rain forest.
Use Koppen's letters correctly: A tropical, f no dry season.
(a)(i) Define the term drought. (ii) Name two areas affected by drought. (b) Explain any three effects of drought. (c) Suggest three ways in which drought can be reduced.
(a)(i) Drought is a long period of abnormally low rainfall causing serious shortage of water for people, crops and animals.
(ii) The Sahel (Senegal, Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, northern Nigeria, Chad); Ethiopia/Somalia; Kalahari; parts of Kenya.
(b) Crop failure and famine; death of livestock and loss of pasture; drying of rivers, wells and lakes; migration of people and refugee problems; conflicts between farmers and herders; desertification and soil erosion.
(c) Irrigation and water storage (dams, boreholes); planting drought-resistant crops and trees, shelter belts (green belt); controlled grazing; afforestation and stopping bush burning; cloud seeding; water conservation methods.
Give named areas and link each effect to the shortage of water.
(a) Name four types of atmospheric resources. (b) Explain the usefulness of any two of the resources named in 8(a) above.
(a) Wind; solar energy (sunlight); rainfall/water vapour; atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ozone).
(b) Wind: drives windmills and wind turbines for power; dries crops and clothes; disperses seeds and aids pollination; used by sailing ships; brings rain-bearing air.
Solar energy: warms the earth; needed for photosynthesis; solar power and drying of crops; source of vitamin D.
Rain: water for drinking, farming and industry; feeds rivers and underground water; generates HEP via rivers.
Gases: oxygen for breathing; carbon dioxide for photosynthesis; nitrogen for plant protein; ozone shields against ultra-violet rays.
Give at least three uses for each resource you choose.