58 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Study the map of ADAGOLE DISTRICT to answer this question. Farming is common in the
Answer: D (south eastern part of the map.)
The scattered cultivation symbols are around Bebe, in the south-east.
Study the map of ADAGOLE DISTRICT to answer this question. The point where R. Isbo meets R. Gembeh is called
Answer: D (a confluence.)
The meeting point of two rivers is a confluence.
Study the map of ADAGOLE DISTRICT to answer this question. The lowest point in the mapped area is in the
Answer: B (north-east.)
The 1250 m contours, the lowest on the map, are in the north-east where R. Gembeh leaves the map.
Study the map of ADAGOLE DISTRICT to answer this question. The distance as the crow flies from Bebe to Bodel is
Answer: B (10.00 km.)
Measured with a ruler and compared with the linear scale, the straight line Bebe-Bodel is about 10 km.
Study the map of ADAGOLE DISTRICT to answer this question. The bearing of Bodel from Bebe is
Answer: B (255.0°.)
Bodel lies west and a little south of Bebe, so its bearing is a little less than 270°: about 255°.
Study the map of ADAGOLE DISTRICT to answer this question. Which of the following statements is true about the drainage of the mapped area?
Answer: B (R. Isbo and R. Gembeh are the two rivers that drain the district.)
Only two rivers, R. Isbo and R. Gembeh, are shown draining the district.
Study the map of ADAGOLE DISTRICT to answer this question. The common modes of transportation in the mapped area are
Answer: C (road and water.)
The map shows roads and rivers; there is no railway, pipeline or airport.
The diagram represents the export of rice in kilogrammes from Country X between 2007 and 2010. Use it to answer this question. What is the name of the diagram above?
Answer: B (Bar graph)
Values are shown by the heights of separate bars.
The diagram represents the export of rice in kilogrammes from Country X between 2007 and 2010. Use it to answer this question. How much rice was produced in 2010 by Country X?
Answer: C (50,000 kilogrammes.)
The 2010 bar reaches about the 50,000 line.
The diagram represents the export of rice in kilogrammes from Country X between 2007 and 2010. Use it to answer this question. The total production of rice in kilogrammes by Country X from 2007 to 2010 was
Answer: B (105,000.)
About 5,000 + 30,000 + 20,000 + 50,000 = 105,000 kg.
The diagram represents the export of rice in kilogrammes from Country X between 2007 and 2010. Use it to answer this question. In which year did Country X have the highest production of rice?
Answer: D (2010)
The 2010 bar is the tallest.
The planet which revolves around the sun in a clockwise direction is
Answer: D (Uranus.)
Uranus is the planet usually given as turning the 'wrong' (clockwise) way; it spins on its side with retrograde rotation, unlike Jupiter, Mars and Saturn.
In the Southern hemisphere, the Summer Solstice falls on
Answer: B (22nd December.)
On 22 December the sun is overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn: midsummer in the Southern Hemisphere.
The planet with the shortest orbit around the sun is
Answer: C (Mercury.)
Mercury is nearest the sun, so its orbit is the shortest (88 days).
What will be the time in Sao Luis, Brazil (Longitude 45°w) when it is noon in London (longitude 0°)?
Answer: C (9.00 am.)
45° × 4 minutes = 180 minutes = 3 hours; west is behind, so 12 noon − 3 h = 9.00 am.
Isotherm is a line joining places of equal
Answer: D (temperature.)
Iso = equal, therm = heat: equal temperature.
The ozone layer is found in the
Answer: C (stratosphere.)
The ozone layer lies in the stratosphere, about 15-35 km up.
Calculate the distance between the equator (latitude 0°) and a city Z in Egypt (latitude 30°N).
Answer: C (3,330 km)
1° of latitude ≈ 111 km, so 30 × 111 = 3,330 km.
Which of the following climatic belts has the highest durnal temperature range?
Answer: A (Desert)
Clear skies and dry air make deserts very hot by day and cold at night.
Which of the following gases is found in very little quantity in the atmosphere?
Answer: B (Carbon dioxide)
Carbon dioxide makes up only about 0.04% of the air, less than argon (about 0.93%), oxygen (21%) or nitrogen (78%).
Temperature inversion occurs when
Answer: D (temperature increases with height.)
Normally temperature falls with height; an inversion is when it rises with height.
Circular depressions formed in the bed of an upper course river is known as
Answer: D (potholes.)
Pebbles swirled by eddies drill round holes, potholes, in the river bed.
The most satisfactory explanation for the formation of fold mountain is
Answer: C (compressional forces.)
Fold mountains form when compressional (squeezing) forces push rock layers into folds.
The cooling and solidification of magma within the earth's crust results in the formation of a
Answer: C (laccolith.)
A laccolith is an intrusive dome of magma cooled inside the crust; the others are extrusive.
In an oasis, water is derived from
Answer: B (underground.)
Oases occur where underground water reaches the desert surface.
Which of the following features is produced as a result of river capture?
Answer: A (Wind gap)
The beheaded river's dry valley through a ridge is left as a wind gap.
Tilting of tree trunks, poles and piling of soil behind a wall are effects of
Answer: B (soil creep.)
Slow downhill movement of soil (soil creep) tilts poles and piles soil behind walls.
Exfoliation of rock is as a result of
Answer: C (mechanical weathering.)
Repeated heating and cooling makes outer rock layers peel off: mechanical weathering.
Spits are formed by
Answer: C (long share drift and wave deposition.)
Longshore drift carries sand along the coast and waves deposit it as a spit.
A water table can be described as
Answer: D (the general level of underground water in an area.)
The water table is the upper level of the saturated zone underground.
Leaching is the
Answer: B (washing down of soil nutrients.)
Percolating water dissolves nutrients and carries them down out of the topsoil.
Which of the following features are found in limestone regions?
Answer: A (Swallow holes)
Swallow holes are karst features; the others are desert features.
When the roof of a natural arch collapses, the resulting rock pillar left standing in the sea is called
Answer: B (stack.)
The pillar left after an arch collapses is a stack.
The high temperature in the interior of the earth may result in the formation of
Answer: C (geyser.)
Underground heat boils groundwater, which spouts out as a geyser.
Africa is described as the most Tropical continent because
Answer: A (most parts of Africa lies within the tropics.)
Most of Africa lies between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
The introduction of ECOWAS Passport among member Countries is to promote
Answer: C (free movement of people in the sub-region.)
A common passport makes it easier for citizens to travel between member states.
Elements such as wind, water vapour, sunlight and gases which are of benefit to man, animals and plants are called
Answer: B (atmospheric resources.)
These are all parts of the atmosphere.
Which of the following is not a timber producing Country?
Answer: D (Senegal)
Senegal is mostly savanna and Sahel with little forest; Gabon, Nigeria and Côte d'Ivoire are major timber producers.
What is the name of the trade between one country and another?
Answer: C (International trade)
Trade across national borders is international trade.
Which of the following settlements is famous for its ecclesiastical function?
Answer: D (Rome)
Rome contains the Vatican, centre of the Catholic Church.
Which of the following cities is both a harbour and a capital?
Answer: C (Banjul)
Banjul is the capital of The Gambia and its seaport.
Irrigation projects are commonly found in areas of
Answer: A (low and unreliable rainfall.)
Irrigation supplies water where rain is scarce or unreliable.
All the following lead to the depletion of the ozone layer except
Answer: D (evapotranspiration.)
Evapotranspiration only releases water vapour; the others release gases that harm the ozone layer.
It is light in weight, a good conductor of electricity and used extensively in the manufacture of aircraft. This is a valid description of
Answer: A (aluminium.)
Aluminium is light, conducts electricity and is used for aircraft bodies.
A village is characterized by
Answer: D (agriculture and other primary economic activities.)
Villagers mostly farm, fish or do other primary activities.
(a) Write explanatory notes on any two of the following: (i) Population density; (ii) Birth rate; (iii) Optimum population. (b) In what four ways can the problems of under population be solved?
(a)(i) Population density: number of people per unit area (total population ÷ total land area), e.g. persons per km²; high where resources are rich, low in deserts and forests.
(ii) Birth rate: number of live births per 1,000 people in a year; high in developing countries; used with the death rate to find natural increase.
(iii) Optimum population: the number of people that can make the best use of the available resources, giving the highest income per head; more people gives overpopulation, fewer gives underpopulation; it changes with technology.
(b) Encourage immigration of skilled people; incentives for large families (child allowances, free education and health care); pronatalist policies (discourage birth control); improve health care to cut deaths; develop and exploit resources with better technology; increase food supply and employment.
Write two or three sentences on each chosen term.
(a) List four modes of transportation. (b) Identify four constraints to inland water navigation. (c) In what four ways can the constraints identified in 2(b) above be solved?
(a) Road; rail; water; air; pipeline; cable/ropeway.
(b) Seasonal fluctuation of water level; rapids, waterfalls and cataracts; sandbars and silting; water weeds (water hyacinth); shallow rivers; tree stumps and rocks; lack of navigational aids; rivers flowing away from economic centres; low capital; competition from roads; piracy.
(c) Dredging and channelisation; building dams and locks to regulate water; clearing water weeds; installing navigational aids and lights; building canals round rapids; providing capital and modern vessels; good maintenance and port facilities; security patrols.
Link each solution to a constraint.
(a) Outline two characteristic features of each of the following: (i) Cornubation; (ii) Megapolis. (b) With specific examples, explain any six functions which settlements perform.
(a)(i) Conurbation: a large continuous built-up area formed when growing towns merge; has several centres; dense population; e.g. Lagos metropolis, Ruhr, Greater Manchester.
(ii) Megalopolis: a huge urban region formed by several conurbations joining; population of tens of millions; many functions; e.g. Boston-Washington (BosWash), Tokyo-Osaka.
(b) Administrative (Abuja, Accra); commercial (Lagos, Onitsha, Kano); industrial (Aba, Tema); mining (Jos, Enugu, Obuasi); port (Apapa, Takoradi); educational (Nsukka, Ile-Ife, Oxford); religious (Mecca, Rome, Jerusalem); residential (satellite towns); tourist/resort (Obudu, Miami); military (Kaduna); transport nodes (Lokoja, Kafanchan). Explain each with its example.
Each function needs a named example.
(a) Draw a sketch map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name: (i) Rivers Niger and Benue; (ii) Kainji Dam; (iii) Abuja. (b) Explain three factors which favour the development of hydro-electric power projects in Nigeria. (c) State three economic benefits of the hydro-electric power projects.
(a) Map: River Niger entering from the north-west, flowing south-east to Lokoja and then south to the delta; River Benue entering from Cameroon in the east and joining the Niger at Lokoja; Kainji Dam on the Niger in Niger/Kwara area (north-west of Jebba); Abuja in the centre (FCT), north of the confluence.
(b) Large rivers with constant volume (Niger, Benue, Kaduna); falls and rapids and narrow valleys for dam sites (Kainji, Jebba, Shiroro); hard rock foundations; large demand for power from towns and industries; government finance and foreign aid; available land for reservoirs.
(c) Electricity for industries and homes; irrigation; fishing in reservoirs; improved navigation; flood control; tourism; employment; water supply.
Explain why each factor helps HEP.
(a) State two advantages of industrialization in Nigeria. (b) Explain four problems that retard industrialization in Nigeria. (c) In four ways, describe how the problems in 5(b) above can be solved.
(a) Employment; foreign exchange earnings and savings; diversification of the economy; use of local raw materials; higher standard of living; technology transfer; revenue for government; infrastructure development.
(b) Inadequate and erratic power supply; shortage of capital and high interest rates; poor infrastructure (roads, water); shortage of local raw materials and spare parts; shortage of skilled labour; competition from cheap imports and smuggling; political instability and inconsistent policies; poor maintenance culture; low purchasing power.
(c) Improve and diversify power supply; provide loans at low interest and tax holidays; build roads, water and other infrastructure; develop local raw materials and spare-parts production; train manpower; ban or tax competing imports and control smuggling; consistent policies and stability; improve quality of local goods.
Explain each problem in a sentence or two.
(a) State two objectives of the Economics Community of West African States (ECOWAS). (b) Identify four problems hindering the achievement of the objectives of ECOWAS. (c) In what four ways can the problems identified in 6(b) above be solved?
(a) Promote economic co-operation and integration; promote trade among members (remove tariffs, customs union); free movement of people, goods and services; develop transport and communication links; common currency; promote peace and security.
(b) Language differences; different currencies; political instability and different ideologies; poor transport and communication; non-payment of dues; strong colonial ties and rival blocs (e.g. UEMOA); similar products; fear of domination by bigger members; smuggling; cumbersome border controls.
(c) Improve transport and communication links; political stability and good governance; prompt payment of dues; common currency; teaching of English and French in schools; diversification of economies; implementation of agreed protocols; simpler travel documents and border controls; more commitment to ECOWAS.
Pair each solution with a problem.
Use the data in the table below to answer the questions that follow: Country B's population figures (in millions) by State in the year 2005.
State A: 40
State B: 35
State C: 25
State D: 50
TOTAL: 150
(a) Construct a pie chart to represent the data. (b) Highlight any two problems in the use of pie charts. (c) State one other method that could be used to represent the above information.
(a) Angles = value ÷ 150 × 360°: A = 96°; B = 84°; C = 60°; D = 120° (total 360°). Draw a circle, measure each sector with a protractor from a vertical radius, shade or label each sector with state and value, add a key and title.
(b) Angles must be calculated, which takes time; small values give very thin sectors that are hard to draw and read; hard to compare sectors of similar size; actual values are not shown unless written; unsuitable for many components; absolute changes over time are hard to show.
(c) Simple bar graph; divided (component) bar graph; dot map or proportional symbols.
Show the angle calculation for each state.
(a) Highlight three differences between Plutonic and Volcanic rocks. (b) With the aid of diagrams, describe the mode of formation of crater lake.
(a) Plutonic rocks cool deep inside the crust, volcanic rocks cool on or near the surface; plutonic cool slowly and have large (coarse) crystals, volcanic cool fast and have small (fine) or no crystals; plutonic are exposed only after erosion, volcanic form at once on the surface; examples: granite, gabbro (plutonic) vs basalt, obsidian (volcanic); plutonic form batholiths, volcanic form lava plateaus and cones.
(b) A volcano erupts and builds a cone with a crater at the top; when activity stops, the vent is blocked by solidified lava; the crater (or a caldera formed when the summit collapses or is blown off) collects rain water, which cannot drain away, forming a crater lake, e.g. Lake Bosumtwi (Ghana), Crater Lake (Oregon), Lake Barombi. Diagrams: volcanic cone with crater; plugged vent with water in the crater.
Name a real crater lake.
(a) State three characteristics of limestone region. (b) Describe the formation of limestone pillar. (c) In what two ways is limestone important to man?
(a) Little surface drainage (dry valleys, disappearing streams); swallow holes and sink holes; underground caves and streams; bare rocky surfaces with grikes and clints (limestone pavement); thin soils; springs at the base.
(b) Rain water containing carbon dioxide (weak carbonic acid) seeps through joints in the cave roof and dissolves calcium carbonate; drops hang from the roof and, as water evaporates and CO₂ escapes, calcite is deposited forming stalactites; drops falling on the floor build stalagmites; when a stalactite and stalagmite grow and join, a limestone pillar (column) is formed.
(c) Raw material for cement; building stone; flux in iron smelting; lime for agriculture and chemical industries; tourism (caves); groundwater sources.
Explain both stalactite and stalagmite growth.
(a)(i) Highlight two ways in which water resources are classified. (ii) In what three ways can water resource be used? (b) Describe three ways by which man's activities limit the use of water as a resource.
(a)(i) Surface water (rivers, lakes, seas, oceans) and underground water (wells, springs, aquifers); also fresh water and salt water; atmospheric water (rain, water vapour).
(ii) Domestic use (drinking, cooking, washing); irrigation; industry (cooling, processing); HEP generation; transport; fishing; recreation and tourism.
(b) Pollution from industrial wastes, oil spills and sewage makes water unsafe; deforestation leads to silting and drying of rivers; over-pumping lowers the water table; building dams reduces flow downstream; dumping of refuse blocks channels; use of fertilisers and pesticides contaminates water; poor management causes waste.
Explain how each activity reduces usable water.
(a) Define the term climate. (b) Name the instrument used in measuring each of the following climatic elements: (i) Temperature; (ii) Pressure; (iii) Rainfall; (iv) Sunshine; (v) Humidity. (c) In what four ways is the study of weather and climate important to man?
(a) Climate is the average weather conditions of a place over a long period, usually about 30-35 years.
(b)(i) Thermometer (maximum and minimum/Six's thermometer); (ii) barometer; (iii) rain gauge; (iv) Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder; (v) hygrometer (wet and dry bulb thermometers).
(c) Helps farmers plan planting and harvesting; aviation and shipping safety; warns of hazards (storms, floods, drought); choice of clothing and building design; planning of tourism and sports; military operations; understanding of vegetation and soils.
Learn one instrument for each element.
(a)(i) Define the term Solar System. (ii) List any five components of the Solar System. (b) Outline any four characteristics of the earth.
(a)(i) The solar system is the sun and all the heavenly bodies (planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteors) that revolve round it under its gravity.
(ii) The sun; planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune); moons/satellites; asteroids; comets; meteors and meteorites; dwarf planets (Pluto).
(b) Third planet from the sun (about 150 million km); spherical (oblate spheroid) shape, flattened at the poles; rotates on its axis in 24 hours; revolves round the sun in 365¼ days; axis tilted at 23½°; has one moon; has an atmosphere with oxygen and water, supporting life; equatorial circumference about 40,000 km.
List planets in order from the sun.
(a) Outline three differences between deflation and abrasion. (b) Using specific examples, describe the mode of formation of a deflation hollow.
(a) Deflation is the removal (lifting and blowing away) of loose fine particles by wind, abrasion is the wearing of rock by sand carried in the wind (sand-blasting); deflation needs loose dry material, abrasion needs sand-laden wind hitting rock; deflation lowers the land surface creating hollows, abrasion carves rock features (rock pedestals, zeugen, yardangs); deflation works over wide areas, abrasion is mostly within about 1-2 m of the ground.
(b) Strong wind blows over loose, dry, unconsolidated sand and dust; fine particles are lifted and carried away (deflation); eddies deepen and widen the depression; the process continues until the water table is reached, where moisture binds the particles; the hollow may then hold water as an oasis or salt lake. Examples: Qattara Depression (Egypt), El Faiyum, depressions in the Kalahari and Sahara.
Name a real deflation hollow.