70 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Use the map of GOMA DISTRICT to answer this question. The scale of the map, expressed as a statement is
Answer: B (1cm represents ½km)
The map scale is 1:50,000, so 1 cm stands for 50,000 cm = 500 m = ½ km.
Use the map of GOMA DISTRICT to answer this question. The actual distance as the crow flies from Bo to Abe is
Answer: A (2.5km)
Measure the straight line from Bo to Abeyo on the map (about 5 cm on the original) and multiply by ½ km per cm: about 2.5 km.
Use the map of GOMA DISTRICT to answer this question. The feature marked S is
Answer: E (an estuary)
S marks the wide, funnel-shaped mouth where the river enters the Bight of Goma, which is an estuary.
Use the map of GOMA DISTRICT to answer this question. The feature X can best be described as
Answer: B (a knoll)
X is a small, low, rounded hill shown by a small closed contour standing on lower ground: a knoll.
Use the map of GOMA DISTRICT to answer this question. The eastern ridge may best be described as a
Answer: C (watershed)
The long eastern ridge separates streams flowing west from those flowing east, so it acts as a watershed.
Use the map of GOMA DISTRICT to answer this question. The direction of flow of River Buba is
Answer: A (North-west)
River Buba rises in the high ground in the south-east and flows down to the Bight of Goma in the north-west.
Use the map of GOMA DISTRICT to answer this question. The predominant occupation of the people in the southwest of the map area is most likely to be
Answer: B (farming)
The south-west of the map is covered with the farm (cultivation) symbol, so most people there are farmers.
Use the map of GOMA DISTRICT to answer this question. Fode may best be described as
Answer: D (a route terminus)
The road from the interior ends at Fode on the coast, so Fode is a route terminus.
Use the map of GOMA DISTRICT to answer this question. Which of the following factors best explains the presence of marsh in the north-western part of the area?
Answer: C (Poor drainage)
The north-west is flat, low land beside the coast where water cannot drain away quickly, so marsh forms.
Use the map of GOMA DISTRICT to answer this question. The importance of Oje is best explained by its
Answer: D (mineral workings)
Several mineral-working symbols lie around Oje, so mining is what makes the settlement important.
Which of the following planets has the longest orbit around the sun?
Answer: D (Neptune)
Neptune is the farthest of these planets from the sun, so its orbit is the longest.
A Great Circle can be described as
Answer: E (a circle whose plane passes through centre of the globe)
A great circle is any circle on the globe whose plane passes through the earth's centre, dividing it into two equal halves.
The axis of the earth is inclined to the plane of the ecliptic at an angle of
Answer: B (66½°)
The axis is tilted 23½° from the vertical, which is 66½° to the plane of the earth's orbit.
On September 23, all towns in the northern hemisphere experience
Answer: A (equal length of day and night)
23 September is an equinox: the sun is overhead at the equator, so day and night are equal everywhere.
The density of the upper part of the lithosphere is
Answer: D (2.7)
The upper crust (SIAL, granite) has an average density of about 2.7; the lower SIMA is about 3.0.
Grit is a good example of
Answer: D (mechanically formed sedimentary rock)
Grit is made of coarse sand grains broken from older rocks and cemented together, so it is a mechanically formed sedimentary rock.
Crater lakes are most likely to occur in
Answer: C (regions of extinct volcanoes)
A crater lake forms when rainwater fills the crater of a volcano that is no longer active.
Yardangs are best described as
Answer: B (steep-sided vertical bands of alternate hard and soft rocks aligned in the direction of the prevailing winds)
Yardangs are ridges of hard rock left between grooves cut in softer rock where vertical bands lie along the wind direction.
The seasonal variation in the volume of water in a river is known as its
Answer: E (regime)
A river's regime is the pattern of change in its volume through the year.
The predominant action at the upper course of a river is
Answer: E (corrasion)
In the steep upper course the river cuts down its bed mainly by corrasion: rocks it carries grind against the bed.
The word shore is best described as the zone
Answer: B (between high and low water levels at the coast)
The shore is the strip that is covered at high tide and exposed at low tide.
The delta of the River Nile is best described as
Answer: C (arcuate)
The Nile delta is fan-shaped with a curved, bow-like seaward edge, which is called arcuate.
Which of the following soils is easily water-logged?
Answer: B (Clayey soil)
Clay has tiny pores that let water through very slowly, so it becomes waterlogged.
The green plants which serve as producer to other organisms in the ecosystem are called
Answer: A (autotrophs)
Green plants make their own food by photosynthesis, so they are autotrophs (self-feeders).
A major characteristic of the tropical woodland vegetation is that
Answer: E (its open forest permits the growth of grass)
Tropical woodland trees are spaced apart, so sunlight reaches the ground and grass grows beneath them.
The Westerlies and the North-East Trade Winds are similar because they both
Answer: A (originate from the Horse Latitudes of the northern hemisphere)
Both winds blow out of the sub-tropical high pressure belt (the Horse Latitudes): the trades towards the equator and the westerlies towards the poles.
If left in the open, wet clothes take a longer time to dry when
Answer: A (relative humidity is high)
When the air is already nearly saturated (high relative humidity), water evaporates from the clothes slowly.
Visibility usually decreases when a
Answer: E (warm current meets a cold current)
Where warm and cold currents meet (e.g. off Newfoundland), warm moist air is chilled over the cold water and thick fog forms, reducing visibility.
Diurnal range of temperature is the difference between the
Answer: B (highest and the lowest temperature recorded in a station everyday)
Diurnal means daily: it is the day's maximum minus the day's minimum temperature.
They are tropical and subtropical storms, occuring over land, they are funnel-shaped and violent, with winds of high velocity reaching up to 330kmph. Which of the following winds is described above?
Answer: E (Tornado)
A tornado is a small, violent, funnel-shaped storm over land; hurricanes and typhoons form over oceans.
Which of the following population variable is not calculated in unit per thousand?
Answer: D (Growth rate)
Birth, death, fertility and migration rates are given per 1,000 people, but the growth rate is given as a percentage.
Which of the following least influences the growth of settlements?
Answer: A (Age)
Climate, minerals, relief and industry decide whether people come to live in a place; the age of a settlement matters least.
Which of the following industries is always located at the source of its major raw material?
Answer: B (Cement)
Limestone is bulky and loses weight in processing, so cement works are sited at the limestone deposits.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of water transport?
Answer: C (is not flexible)
Boats can only go where there are rivers, lakes or seas, so water transport cannot reach most places door to door.
One important consequence of the location of Nigeria between latitudes 4° and 14° North of the equator is that
Answer: A (some parts of the country enjoy a hot, wet, tropical climate throughout the year)
Being near the equator, southern Nigeria is hot and wet nearly all year.
Which of the geographical regions of Nigeria contains volcanic plugs, inselbergs and crater lake?
Answer: C (North-central highland)
The Jos Plateau (North-Central Highlands) has old volcanoes with plugs and crater lakes, and granite inselbergs.
The location of the oil refinery at Kaduna is best explained by the
Answer: A (deliberate government policy and market)
Crude oil is piped to Kaduna from the south; the refinery was placed there by government decision to serve the northern market.
All the following statements are true of the savanna vegetation in Nigeria except that the
Answer: E (trees occur in the pure stands)
Savanna trees are scattered and of mixed species; pure stands of one species belong to coniferous forests.
A major characteristic of local craft industry is that
Answer: B (it is mainly hereditary)
Crafts such as weaving, carving and pottery are usually passed down within families.
In Africa coral reef coasts are largely located in the
Answer: E (south-east)
Coral needs warm water, so reefs grow along the warm east and south-east coasts (Red Sea, Kenya, Mozambique), not the west where cold currents flow.
Which of the following vegetation types is most common in Africa?
Answer: D (Savanna)
Savanna covers the largest part of Africa; campos, selvas and prairies are found in the Americas.
In Africa, the veldt is located in the
Answer: E (southern part)
The veld is the temperate grassland of South Africa, in the south of the continent.
Africa has the largest potential reserves of hydro-electric power in the world due to
Answer: C (the abundant rainfall and waterfalls there)
Large rivers fed by heavy rainfall drop over falls and rapids at the plateau edges, which gives great HEP potential.
The low level of trade among West African countries is mainly because
Answer: D (they produce similar goods)
West African countries mostly produce the same primary products, so they have little to sell to one another.
The basin system of irrigation in the Nile Basin is not reliable because
Answer: E (it depends on the flow of the Nile in a particular year)
Basins are filled only by the yearly flood, so a low flood leaves them dry.
Which of the following represents the first stage in the lumbering process?
Answer: C (Particular species are identified)
Before felling, the lumberman must find and mark the valuable species, since they are scattered in the forest.
The Muturu type of cattle is reared mainly in the westerm highland region of Nigeria because
Answer: C (it is resistant to tsetse flies)
The south has tsetse flies; Muturu cattle are resistant to the sleeping sickness they carry.
Monoculture is a term associated with
Answer: D (plantation agriculture)
Plantations grow a single crop on a large estate, which is monoculture.
Some plant diseases are checked during the fallow periods in the bush fallowing system of agriculture because the
Answer: D (disease organisms lose their hosts and die)
When the crop is not grown for some years, the pests and diseases that live on it have nothing to feed on and die out.
(a) Explain the following terms: (i) Over-population; (ii) Migration (b) Describe any three factors which encourage the occurrence of each term in (a) above within a population group
(a)(i) Over-population: more people in an area than its resources and technology can support at a reasonable standard of living.
(ii) Migration: movement of people from one place to another to live, temporarily or permanently.
(b) Over-population: high birth rate with falling death rate; early marriage and desire for large families (culture, religion); low use of family planning; immigration; limited resources or low technology.
Migration: search for jobs and better pay (push from poverty, pull of towns); natural disasters such as drought and floods; war and insecurity; education and social amenities; marriage; land shortage.
Define each term, then give three causes for each.
(a) Using specific examples, identify any three classes of settlements based on their functions (b) Describe the characteristics of any two of the settlement types identified in (a) above.
(a) e.g. Administrative (Abuja, Washington DC); commercial (Lagos, Onitsha, Kano); industrial (Aba, Port Harcourt, Pittsburgh); mining (Jos, Enugu, Johannesburg); educational (Nsukka, Oxford); religious (Mecca, Rome); port (Lagos, Mombasa).
(b) e.g. Administrative: seat of government offices; many civil servants; planned layout with government buildings; good amenities.
Commercial: large markets, shops and banks; many traders; very accessible, a focus of routes; dense population.
Mining: grows near mineral deposits; miners and related workers; may decline when minerals are exhausted.
Give a real example for each class.
(a) Give three reasons why air transportation may be preferred to the other modes of transportation (b) State any three disadvantages of air transportation (c) How can these disadvantages be overcome?
(a) Fastest mode over long distances; not blocked by relief, rivers or seas; best for perishable and high-value goods and mail; comfortable and convenient for passengers; links remote areas.
(b) Very expensive fares and freight; cannot carry very bulky/heavy goods cheaply; affected by bad weather; accidents are usually fatal; airports are costly and need much land; noise pollution; hijacking.
(c) Subsidies and competition to reduce fares; bigger cargo planes; modern navigation and weather equipment; training of crew and maintenance; tighter security.
Link each solution to a disadvantage.
(a) Give an example of a (i) light industry? (ii) heavy industry? (b) Describe any four characteristics of each type of industry (c) Explain any three favourable factors for the location of any one of the industries
(a)(i) e.g. textiles, matches, printing, food processing, furniture. (ii) e.g. iron and steel, shipbuilding, petroleum refining, cement.
(b) Light: small raw materials and products; little capital; small machines; can be sited almost anywhere, often near markets; many workers including women; consumer goods.
Heavy: bulky raw materials and products; large capital; heavy machinery; large sites near raw materials, water or ports; skilled labour; often produce goods for other industries.
(c) e.g. for iron and steel at Ajaokuta: raw materials (iron ore at Itakpe); water and transport on the Niger; power; government policy; market.
Name actual industries and places.
(a) What five advantages could be derived when countries trade with one another? (b) Highlight four factors which influenced the trade between Nigeria and Canada.
(a) Countries get goods they cannot produce; specialisation in what each produces best; foreign exchange earnings; larger markets so industries expand; jobs; exchange of technology and ideas; better international relations.
(b) Differences in natural resources and climate (Nigeria: oil, cocoa; Canada: wheat, machinery); different levels of industrial development; Commonwealth membership and common language; trade agreements and tariffs; transport/shipping links; demand and taste; foreign exchange availability.
Trade happens because countries differ in what they produce.
(a) On a sketch map of Nigeria, show and name the (i) three climatic belts; (ii) dominant air masses which influence the climate of Nigeria (b) Outline three ways in which the Sudan savannah vegetation has adapted itself to the climate in Nigeria (c) In what four ways is natural vegetation of economic importance to man in Nigeria?
(a) Map with sub-equatorial/humid tropical belt in the south, tropical hinterland (savanna) belt in the middle, tropical continental belt in the north; arrows for the tropical maritime air mass from the south-west (Atlantic) and tropical continental air mass from the north-east (Sahara).
(b) Trees shed leaves in the dry season; long tap roots reach deep water; thick bark resists fire and drought; small, thorny or waxy leaves reduce water loss; grasses dry up and grow again with the rains; some trees store water in their trunks.
(c) Timber and fuelwood; food (fruits, nuts, game); pasture for livestock; raw materials (shea butter, gum arabic, fibres); medicines; protects soil; tourism and wildlife; jobs.
Show air masses with arrows and a key.
(a) Explain any four problems facing Agriculture in Nigeria (b) Highlight three effects of these problems on the economic development of Nigeria (c) How can the problems in (a) above be solved?
(a) Use of simple tools; land tenure and fragmentation; shortage of labour as youths move to towns; lack of capital and credit; pests and diseases; poor soils and erosion; poor storage, transport and marketing; unreliable rainfall.
(b) Low food production and high food prices; food imports and loss of foreign exchange; low raw materials for industries; low farm incomes and rural poverty; unemployment.
(c) Mechanisation; land reform; credit and loans to farmers; improved seeds, fertilisers and pest control; irrigation; rural roads, storage and markets; extension services and research.
Solutions should match the problems.
(a) On an outline map of Nigeria, locate and name: (i) the rail lines linking Lagos to Nguru (ii) the railway line linking Port-Harcourt to Kaduna (b) Explain any four ways in which rail contributed to the economic development of Nigeria (c) Highlight any three problems of rail transportation in Nigeria
(a) Western line: Lagos-Ibadan-Ilorin-Jebba-Minna-Kaduna-Zaria-Kano-Nguru. Eastern line: Port Harcourt-Aba-Enugu-Makurdi-Kafanchan-Kaduna.
(b) Carries bulky export crops (groundnuts, cotton, cocoa) to the ports; carries minerals (coal, tin) and fuel; distributes imports and manufactured goods inland; growth of towns along the lines (Kaduna, Kafanchan); employment; movement of people; national unity.
(c) Old track and engines; single narrow-gauge lines; slow speed and delays; poor maintenance and management; competition from road transport; inadequate funding; vandalism.
Draw the lines with the main towns named.
Write a geographical account of the Chad basin under the following headings: (a) Relief and drainage (b) Agriculture (c) Problems of development
(a) Low, flat plain about 300 m above sea level sloping gently towards Lake Chad; inland drainage; rivers Yobe (Komadugu-Yobe), Hadejia and Ngadda flow into the lake; seasonal rivers; fadama (flood plains) and marshes near the lake.
(b) Crops: millet, guinea corn, groundnuts, wheat, cotton, rice; irrigation schemes (South Chad Irrigation Project, Kano river/Hadejia valley); cattle, sheep and goats by Fulani and Shuwa Arabs; fishing on Lake Chad.
(c) Low, unreliable rainfall and drought; desert encroachment; shrinking of Lake Chad; poor sandy soils; remoteness and poor transport; pests (locusts, quelea birds); insecurity; shortage of capital.
Use the three headings as subheadings.
Compare and contrast the Eastern Scarplands and Western Highlands under the following headings: (a) Relief (b) Peoples and population (c) Settlement patterns (d) Agriculture
(a) Eastern Scarplands: cuesta (escarpment) landscape of sandstone, about 300-450 m, Udi-Nsukka plateau with steep east-facing scarps, Mamu river valley; Western Highlands: ancient granite/basement rocks, 300-600 m, dissected with inselbergs (e.g. Idanre hills).
(b) Scarplands: mainly Igbo and Igala; very dense population (over 400 per km² in places). Western Highlands: mainly Yoruba; moderate to dense population.
(c) Scarplands: dispersed compound settlements, many villages, few large towns (Enugu, Nsukka). Western Highlands: large nucleated towns (Ibadan, Ogbomosho, Oyo) with farm hamlets around them.
(d) Both grow yams, cassava, maize. Scarplands: oil palm, small farms, severe soil erosion and land shortage. Western Highlands: cocoa, kola, coffee, citrus, larger farms, some cattle in the north.
Say how they are similar and how they differ under each heading.
(a) What five benefits does Nigeria derive from being a member of the ECOWAS? (b) Outline four problems facing the community
(a) Larger market for Nigerian goods; free movement of people and labour; easier access to raw materials; joint projects (roads, telecommunications); regional peace and security (ECOMOG); ECOWAS institutions and investment; political leadership role.
(b) Different currencies; language differences; political instability and coups; similar products; poor transport and communication links; non-payment of dues; fear of domination by bigger members; ties with former colonial powers; smuggling.
Benefits for Nigeria specifically, then problems of the whole community.
(a) Draw an outline map of Africa and on it locate: (i) Latitude 0° and longitude 20°E (ii) one named ocean current along the Western coast and one along the Eastern coast (iii) two named deserts (one in the North and the other in the South) (b) Give three reasons for the presence of deserts in the north of Africa.
(a) Equator through Gabon, Congo, Uganda, Kenya; 20°E through Libya, Chad, Congo, Namibia/South Africa border area; Benguela or Canary current on the west, Mozambique or Agulhas current on the east; Sahara in the north, Kalahari or Namib in the south.
(b) Dry north-east trade winds blowing from the land; sub-tropical high pressure with descending, warming air; great size and distance from the sea (continentality); cold Canary current drying winds on the west coast; high evaporation; rain shadow of the Atlas Mountains.
Draw the equator and 20°E as straight lines across the continent.
(a) On an outline map of Africa, locate and name (i) two areas important for fruit farming (ii) two areas important for irrigation agriculture (iii) one important town in each area (b) Outline three conditions that favour fruit farming in any one of the areas shown on your map (c) What three problems face the cultivation of fruits in the area selected in (b) above?
(a) Fruit farming: Mediterranean North Africa (Morocco/Algeria; town Casablanca, Algiers) and the South-western Cape (Cape Town). Irrigation: Nile Valley/Delta, Egypt (Cairo); Gezira, Sudan (Wad Medani); also Office du Niger, Mali or Sokoto-Rima, Nigeria.
(b) e.g. Cape region: Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild wet winters; fertile valley soils; irrigation water; capital and skills; good transport, cold storage and port; overseas markets.
(c) Hilly land limits farm extension; soil erosion; summer drought; pests and diseases; perishability and storage problems; competition and price changes in overseas markets; labour shortage.
Choose one area for parts (b) and (c).
(a) On an outline map of Africa, locate and name, outside Nigeria, (i) two areas important for the mining of gold (ii) two areas important for the mining of petroleum; (iii) two areas important for the mining of copper (iv) one town important for the mining of each of the minerals (b) State any four contributions of minerals to the econony of African countries (c) Identify any three problems associated with mining in Africa
(a) Gold: Witwatersrand, South Africa (Johannesburg); Obuasi/Tarkwa, Ghana. Petroleum: Hassi Messaoud, Algeria; Libya (Zelten/Brega); Gabon/Angola (Cabinda). Copper: Zambian Copperbelt (Kitwe, Ndola); Katanga/Shaba, DR Congo (Lubumbashi, Kolwezi).
(b) Foreign exchange; government revenue; raw materials for industry; employment; development of towns, railways and roads; power supply.
(c) Lack of capital and skilled labour; poor transport from interior mines; fluctuating world prices; environmental damage and pollution; foreign control of companies; exhaustion of deposits; accidents.
Do not use Nigerian examples in part (a).
Describe the practice of pastoral nomadism in East Africa under the following headings: (a) Areas and people involved; (b) Methods (c) Problems (d) Economic importance
(a) Dry grasslands of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania (Masai), northern Kenya around Lake Turkana (Turkana, Samburu), Somali and Karamojong areas of Uganda.
(b) Herds of cattle, goats, sheep and camels moved in search of water and pasture; seasonal movement (transhumance); communal grazing; temporary homes; herds kept as wealth, little selling; diet of milk, blood and meat.
(c) Drought and shortage of water and pasture; overgrazing and soil erosion; pests and diseases (tsetse, rinderpest); clashes with farmers and game reserves; low-quality animals; poor access to markets and services.
(d) Food (milk, meat, blood); hides and skins for industry; income and trade; employment; use of dry land unsuitable for crops.
Use the four headings in order.
Highlight the similarities and differences between latitudes and longitude
Similarities: both are imaginary lines on the globe/map; both measured in degrees, minutes and seconds; both used together to locate places (grid reference); both drawn as circles or semicircles.
Differences: latitudes run east-west, longitudes run north-south; latitudes are parallel, longitudes meet at the poles; latitudes measure distance north/south of the equator (0-90°), longitudes east/west of Greenwich (0-180°); only the equator is a great circle among latitudes, every longitude with its opposite forms a great circle; longitudes are used to calculate time, latitudes help show climate zones; all longitudes are equal in length, latitudes get shorter towards the poles.
Set the answer out as two lists: similarities and differences.
With the aid of diagrams, describe the characteristic and mode of formation of any two of the following: (a) Rock pedestal (b) Yardang (c) Mesa
Rock pedestal: diagram of a mushroom-shaped rock with narrow base. Formed in deserts where wind carries sand close to the ground and abrades the lower part more (sandblasting); softer lower layers wear faster; top stays wide.
Yardang: diagram of ridges and furrows along the wind direction. Formed where vertical bands of hard and soft rock lie parallel to the prevailing wind; soft bands are scoured into furrows, hard bands remain as steep-sided ridges (several metres high).
Mesa: diagram of flat-topped hill with resistant cap rock and steep sides. Formed where horizontal layers have a hard cap over softer rock; erosion by water and wind wears back the sides, leaving a broad table-like hill; further erosion produces a smaller butte.
Each feature needs a labelled diagram plus how it forms.
Use the climatic data below to answer the questions that follow.
Month: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec
Temp (°C): -19, -17, -8, 2, 10, 17, 18, 18, 11, 4, -5, -13
Precipitation (mm): 22, 17, 29, 35, 50, 78, 78, 55, 55, 35, 27, 22
(a) Calcuate the (i) mean annual temperature (ii) annual range of temperature (iii) total annual temperature (b) Briefly describe the distribution of the precipitation for the station (c) Identify the type of natural vegetation that could be associated with the climate data given above. Give two reasons for your answer
(a)(i) Sum of temperatures = 18; 18 ÷ 12 = 1.5°C.
(ii) 18 − (−19) = 37°C.
(iii) (total annual precipitation) 22+17+29+35+50+78+78+55+55+35+27+22 = 503 mm.
(b) Precipitation in every month but low in total (about 500 mm); summer maximum, peak June-July (78 mm); winter minimum, lowest in February (17 mm); much of the winter fall would be snow.
(c) Temperate continental grassland (steppe/prairie), or coniferous forest at the wetter margin. Reasons: low precipitation (about 500 mm) with summer maximum suits grass; very cold winters and only about five months warm enough for growth; large annual range shows a continental interior.
Watch the negative numbers when adding.
(a) Draw an annotated diagram to show the relief of the ocean basin (b) Describe the characteristics of any two of the relief features shown on your diagram
(a) Cross-section from land to deep ocean labelled: continental shelf, continental edge, continental slope, deep sea (abyssal) plain, ocean ridge, ocean deep/trench; sea level shown.
(b) e.g. Continental shelf: gently sloping shallow sea floor bordering continents, depth up to about 180 m; width varies; rich fishing grounds (plankton, sunlight); oil and gas deposits.
Continental slope: steep slope from the shelf edge down to about 3,000-4,000 m; cut by submarine canyons.
Deep sea plain: wide, flat floor at about 3,000-6,000 m covered with oozes and red clay.
Ocean deep/trench: long narrow very deep troughs (e.g. Mariana Trench about 11,000 m), near island arcs.
Label the features in the correct order from the coast.
Distinguish between the tropical grassland and temperate grassland under the following headings (a) Location (b) Climate (c) Vegetation characteristics
(a) Tropical grassland: between about 5° and 20° N and S of the equator (Sudan/Guinea savanna, llanos, campos). Temperate grassland: interiors of continents in mid-latitudes, about 30°-55° (prairies, steppes, pampas, veld).
(b) Tropical: hot all year (about 21-32°C), rain in summer with a long dry season, 500-1500 mm. Temperate: warm summers, cold winters (below freezing in the north), low rainfall about 250-750 mm mainly in early summer, large annual range.
(c) Tropical: tall coarse grasses (up to 3-4 m, e.g. elephant grass), scattered deciduous, drought-resistant trees (baobab, acacia). Temperate: short, soft, nutritious grasses, almost treeless except along rivers; grass dies back in winter.
Compare point by point under each heading.
(a) Explain the term natural environment (b) Highlight four advantages and four disadvantages of man's intervention with the natural environment
(a) The natural environment is everything around us not made by man: land/relief, rocks and soils, water, climate, plants and animals, and how they interact.
(b) Advantages: farmland and food production; minerals and energy for industry; land for settlement, roads and towns; water supply and HEP from dams; forest products; control of floods and erosion.
Disadvantages: deforestation and loss of wildlife; soil erosion and desertification; pollution of air, water and land; exhaustion of minerals; flooding from blocked drainage; climate change.
Give four of each, clearly separated.