58 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Study the map of IJAMO DISTRICT to answer this question. What is the approximate bearing of Ebie from Oze?
Answer: C (302°)
Ebie lies north-west of Oze, so its bearing is between 270° and 360°: about 302°.
Study the map of IJAMO DISTRICT to answer this question. What will be the new scale of the map in Representative Fraction if the map is enlarged to twice its original size?
Answer: A (1 : 100,000)
Doubling the map makes 1 cm stand for half the ground distance: 1 : 200,000 becomes 1 : 100,000.
Study the map of IJAMO DISTRICT to answer this question. What is the likely occupation of the people of IJAMO settlement?
Answer: B (Agriculture)
Scattered cultivation surrounds IJAMO, so the people are mainly farmers.
Study the map of IJAMO DISTRICT to answer this question. The distance in kilometres as the crow flies from Ofia to Yot is approximately
Answer: B (10 kilometres.)
Measure the straight line from Ofia to Yot (about 5 cm on the original map) and multiply by 2 km: about 10 km.
Study the map of IJAMO DISTRICT to answer this question. Ebie settlement is located in the
Answer: A (northern part of the mapped area.)
Ebie is near the top (north) edge of the map.
Study the map of IJAMO DISTRICT to answer this question. The symbol *845 in the northeastern part of the mapped area is known as
Answer: B (spot height.)
A dot or star with a height beside it is a spot height.
The table below shows the temperature and rainfall distribution of Station Q. Use it to answer this question.
Month: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec
Temperature (°C): 21, 24, 26, 32, 31, 29, 27, 25, 27, 27, 26, 35
Rainfall (mm): 0, 0, 11, 13, 71, 121, 211, 302, 130, 12, 0, 0
What is the annual range of temperature for Station Q?
Answer: A (14°C.)
Highest 35°C (December, as printed) − lowest 21°C (January) = 14°C.
The table below shows the temperature and rainfall distribution of Station Q. Use it to answer this question.
Month: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec
Temperature (°C): 21, 24, 26, 32, 31, 29, 27, 25, 27, 27, 26, 35
Rainfall (mm): 0, 0, 11, 13, 71, 121, 211, 302, 130, 12, 0, 0
How many months of dry season has the station?
Answer: C (4)
January, February, November and December have no rain at all: 4 months.
The table below shows the temperature and rainfall distribution of Station Q. Use it to answer this question.
Month: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec
Temperature (°C): 21, 24, 26, 32, 31, 29, 27, 25, 27, 27, 26, 35
Rainfall (mm): 0, 0, 11, 13, 71, 121, 211, 302, 130, 12, 0, 0
The annual rainfall recorded at Station Q is
Answer: B (871 mm.)
0 + 0 + 11 + 13 + 71 + 121 + 211 + 302 + 130 + 12 + 0 + 0 = 871 mm.
Which of the following types of rainfall occurs when airmasses of different characteristics meet and their air mixes?
Answer: D (Frontal rainfall)
Where warm and cold air masses meet (a front) the warm air rises over the cold air and gives frontal (cyclonic) rain.
Which coastal feature has the following characteristics? I. Produced by wave erosion II. Enlarges through alternate compression and expansion of air III. Connects the top of the cliff to the sea IV. Has narrow, chimney-like opening
Answer: A (Blow hole)
A blowhole is a vertical shaft from a sea cave to the cliff top, enlarged by compressed air.
The grass in the Savanna regions has adapted to the climate by
Answer: B (lying dormant during the long drought.)
Savanna grass dries up and lies dormant in the dry season, then grows again when the rains come.
A line drawn on maps joining places of equal atmospheric pressure is called
Answer: C (isobar.)
Isobars join places of equal pressure.
On the 22nd of December, the Sun is overhead at midday along the
Answer: D (Tropic of Capricorn.)
At the December solstice the overhead sun is at 23½°S, the Tropic of Capricorn.
The temperature at the top of a mountain is 7°C. What will be the temperature at the foot of the mountain if it is 5000 metres above sea level?
Answer: D (39.5°C)
Temperature rises 6.5°C for every 1,000 m descended: 5 × 6.5 = 32.5°C; 7 + 32.5 = 39.5°C.
On which of the following pairs of dates do solstices occur?
Answer: A (21st June and 22nd December)
The solstices are 21 June and 22 December; 21 March and 23 September are equinoxes.
Which of the following is a process of chemical weathering?
Answer: B (Hydrolysis)
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction between water and minerals such as feldspar; the others are mechanical.
Rift valleys are landforms associated with
Answer: B (faulting.)
A rift valley is a block that has sunk between parallel faults.
Which of the following pairs of landforms are produced by wind erosion in hot deserts? I. Zeugen II. Seif III. Yardang IV. Barchan
Answer: B (I and III only)
Zeugen and yardangs are carved by wind erosion; seifs and barchans are dunes built by deposition.
A lunar eclipse occurs when the
Answer: C (earth comes between the sun and the moon.)
When the earth is between the sun and the moon, its shadow falls on the moon.
The most useful function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere is to
Answer: C (absorb ultraviolet radiation from the sun.)
Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet rays that cause skin cancer and damage crops.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the components of the internal structure of the earth?
Answer: C (Core, mantle and crust)
From the centre outwards the layers are core, mantle and crust; only this option keeps the mantle between the other two.
The smallest and closest planet to the sun in the solar system is
Answer: B (Mercury.)
Mercury is both the smallest planet and the nearest to the sun.
If someone in Town A located on longitude 135°E telephones a friend in Town B located on longitude 120°W at 10.00 a.m, at what time will his friend in Town B receive the call?
Answer: B (5:00 p.m)
Difference = 135 + 120 = 255° × 4 min = 1,020 min = 17 hours; B is west, so its time is behind: 10.00 a.m. − 17 h = 5.00 p.m. (the previous day).
A river's valley increases in length through the process of
Answer: D (headward erosion.)
Headward erosion cuts back at the source, making the valley longer.
Which of the following is an intrusive volcanic feature?
Answer: A (Lopolith)
A lopolith is a saucer-shaped mass of magma that solidified inside the crust.
A major characteristic of the Mediterranean climate is
Answer: B (a concentration of rainfall in winter and a dry warm summer.)
Mediterranean lands get their rain in winter and have hot, dry summers.
The diagram shows the interior view of a limestone cave. The landform marked X is
Answer: D (stalactite.)
X hangs down from the roof of the cave, so it is a stalactite.
Gabbro is an example of
Answer: B (igneous rock.)
Gabbro is a coarse-grained igneous rock formed from slowly cooled basic magma.
The process by which strong winds lower the surface of deserts by lifting and blowing away of loose sand particles is known as
Answer: D (deflation.)
Deflation is the removal of loose material by wind.
The introduction of harmful substances into the environment is known as environmental
Answer: A (pollution.)
Adding harmful substances to air, water or land is pollution.
Which of the following is a function of urban settlements to rural settlements?
Answer: B (Administration)
Towns serve the surrounding villages as administrative centres; food supply flows the other way.
A major reason for low volume of trade among West African countries is
Answer: C (similarity of products.)
Neighbouring countries produce similar goods (cocoa, palm oil, groundnuts), so they have little to sell to each other.
Which of the following classes of industry uses raw materials from agriculture, mining and fishing?
Answer: C (Secondary industry)
Secondary (manufacturing) industries process the raw materials produced by primary industries.
One major reason for which air transportation is less patronized in Africa is due to the
Answer: D (expensive nature of travelling by air.)
Air fares are too high for most Africans.
One of the most effective ways of solving the problem of over-population in any country is by
Answer: A (educating couples on the need to give birth to fewer children.)
Educating couples on family planning reduces the birth rate, which tackles over-population at its root.
Farmsteads, hamlets, villages and towns are classifications of settlements based on
Answer: C (size.)
These names describe settlements of increasing size.
Which of the following pairs are reasons for establishing industries in urban centres? I. Employment II. Revenue generation III. Religious tolerance IV. Unemployment creation
Answer: A (I and II only)
Industries are set up to provide jobs and generate revenue.
Which of the following type of goods is offered for sale in the global market by most developing countries?
Answer: C (Agricultural products)
Most developing countries export primary products such as cocoa, coffee and cotton.
The term resort is usually associated with
Answer: A (tourism)
A resort is a place people visit for holidays and recreation.
The membership of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) consists of
Answer: A (12 countries)
ECOWAS had 15 member countries until January 2025, when Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger left. It now has 12 members, including Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire.
Calculate the number of persons per square kilometre if a given country has a population of 100 million and a total land area of 500,000 km².
Answer: C (200 persons per square kilometre)
100,000,000 ÷ 500,000 = 200 persons per km².
Which of the following is not a primary factor to be considered in the siting of industries in Tropical Africa?
Answer: A (Existence of tertiary education institutions)
Raw materials, market and government policy are main location factors; universities are not.
Which of the following pairs are renewable sources of energy?
Answer: C (Hydro-power and solar)
Running water and sunshine are not used up, so hydro and solar power are renewable.
An example of heavy industry is
Answer: D (ship building.)
Shipbuilding uses huge amounts of steel, capital and space: heavy industry.
(a) Highlight five characteristics of urban settlements in developing countries. (b) Explain five ways in which urban settlements depend on their surrounding rural settlements in developing countries.
(a) Large population and high density; mainly secondary and tertiary occupations; many social amenities; heterogeneous population; compact (nucleated) built-up area; modern buildings; slums and squatter settlements; traffic congestion; pollution; administrative and commercial functions.
(b) Rural areas supply food; raw materials for urban industries; labour (migrants); building materials (sand, timber); fuel wood and charcoal; market for manufactured goods; recreation and tourist sites; land for urban expansion.
Explain each way briefly.
(a) Define the term balance of trade. (b) Outline five factors that promote trade between Tropical Africa and the developed world. (c) Highlight four benefits of international trade to the economy of Tropical Africa.
(a) Balance of trade is the difference between the value of a country's visible exports and the value of its visible imports over a period, usually a year.
(b) Differences in natural resources and climate; Africa produces raw materials needed by developed industries; Africa needs manufactured goods and technology; colonial and historical ties; trade agreements and economic blocs; good shipping and communication links; foreign investment; need for foreign exchange.
(c) Foreign exchange earnings; access to goods not produced locally; employment; government revenue; transfer of technology and ideas; stimulates production and specialisation; foreign investment; international cooperation.
Define with the word 'visible'.
(a) What is pipeline transportation? (b) List two products transported by pipeline. (c) Outline four: (i) advantages of pipeline transportation in Tropical African countries; (ii) problems created by pipeline transportation in Tropical African countries.
(a) Pipeline transportation is the movement of liquids, gases or slurries over long distances through pipes.
(b) Crude oil; refined petroleum products (petrol, kerosene, diesel); natural gas; water; slurries (e.g. coal or cement).
(c)(i) Continuous, reliable flow; cheap to run once built; not affected by weather or terrain; reduces road traffic and accidents; safe for inflammable products; needs little labour.
(ii) High cost of construction; vandalism and theft (pipeline sabotage); oil spills polluting land and water; fire and explosions; displacement of people and loss of farmland; carries only liquids and gases; costly monitoring and maintenance.
Advantages and problems as separate lists.
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name: (i) one area that receives an annual rainfall of 2,000 mm - 3,000 mm; (ii) one area noted for the Sub-equatorial climate; (iii) one important town in 4(a)(ii). (b) Identify four factors that affect the distribution of rainfall in Nigeria. (c) Outline three characteristics of the Sub-equatorial climate in Nigeria.
(a) Outline of Nigeria with title, key and north arrow; a 2,000-3,000 mm belt along the south (e.g. Lagos to Port Harcourt/Calabar coastal area); the sub-equatorial belt across the south; a town in it such as Lagos, Warri, Port Harcourt, Calabar or Owerri.
(b) Latitude/distance from the sea; movement of the ITCZ and the two air masses (south-west and north-east winds); relief (e.g. Jos Plateau, eastern highlands); ocean currents; direction of the coast; vegetation.
(c) Heavy rainfall over 2,000 mm; double maxima with a short 'August break'; rain in most months, short dry season; high temperatures (about 27°C) with small annual range (2-3°C); high humidity; heavy cloud cover.
Shade the southern belt on the map.
(a) Outline five factors that promote the cultivation of cocoa in Nigeria. (b) Identify five solutions to the problems that limit the cultivation of cocoa in Nigeria.
(a) Rainfall of 1,250-2,000 mm well spread through the year; high temperature (about 27°C); deep, well-drained loamy soils; shade for young plants; gently undulating land; cheap labour; good transport to ports; research and extension (CRIN); ready world market.
(b) Supply improved, disease-resistant seedlings; control pests and diseases (black pod, capsids) with subsidised chemicals; credit and loans for farmers; replant old farms; better prices and marketing boards; extension services; land tenure reform; better rural roads and storage; encourage young people into farming; cooperatives.
Five distinct points each.
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, locate and name: (i) one area noted for high population density; (ii) Abuja. (b) Outline five reasons that have accounted for the high population density in 6(a)(i). (c) Country Z has a population of 140,000,000 and a total land area of 350,000 km². Calculate the population density of Country Z.
(a) Outline of Nigeria with title and north arrow; a densely populated area such as Lagos, the Kano close-settled zone, the Igbo heartland (Anambra/Imo) or the Ibadan-Oyo area; Abuja in the centre.
(b) (for the area chosen) Fertile soils; favourable climate; employment in industries and commerce; administrative headquarters; early contact with Europeans and old kingdoms; good transport; social amenities; rural-urban migration; high birth rate; security.
(c) Density = 140,000,000 ÷ 350,000 = 400 persons per km².
Show the formula for density.
The Table C below shows the value of imported commodities by a country in the years 2016 to 2020. Study and use it to answer the questions that follow.
Table C (value of imported commodities in million Naira)
2016: 80
2017: 120
2018: 240
2019: 60
2020: 300
(a) Using a vertical scale of 2 cm to represent 40 million units of the value of imported commodities, construct a divergent bar graph to represent the data (b) State two disadvantages of divergent bar graphs.
(a) Mean = (80 + 120 + 240 + 60 + 300) ÷ 5 = 800 ÷ 5 = 160 million. Deviations: 2016 −80; 2017 −40; 2018 +80; 2019 −100; 2020 +140. Draw a horizontal base line for the mean (160); bars above for 2018 (4 cm) and 2020 (7 cm) and below for 2016 (4 cm), 2017 (2 cm) and 2019 (5 cm); equal widths, labelled years, axis, title and key.
(b) The actual values are not shown directly; calculating the mean and deviations takes time; difficult to read exact values; not suitable for many items; the base (mean) changes with the data, so graphs are hard to compare.
Work out the mean first.
(a) Define the term lithosphere. (b) State three characteristics of the lithosphere. (c) Outline five benefits of the lithosphere.
(a) The lithosphere is the solid outer layer of the earth, made up of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.
(b) Made of rocks and soil; consists of continental crust (sial) and oceanic crust (sima); thickness about 5-70 km (thicker under continents); broken into tectonic plates; has landforms such as mountains, plains and plateaus.
(c) Land for settlement and buildings; soil for agriculture; minerals and fossil fuels; building materials (sand, stone, clay); habitat for plants and animals; stores groundwater; tourism (landscapes); supports roads and other infrastructure.
Name the two crust types.
(a) What is an artesian well? (b) Highlight four conditions that favour the formation of an artesian well. (c) Outline two usefulness of an artesian well.
(a) An artesian well is a well from which water rises to the surface by its own pressure, from a permeable layer trapped between impermeable layers.
(b) A permeable rock layer (aquifer) sandwiched between two impermeable layers; the layers form a basin (syncline); the aquifer is exposed at the edges in a rainy area where water can enter; the well is sunk at a point lower than the intake area; adequate rainfall; the aquifer is not broken by faults that let water escape.
(c) Water for domestic use; irrigation; water for livestock (e.g. Great Artesian Basin, Australia); water for industry; supply in dry areas.
Draw or describe the basin structure.
(a) State one difference between weather and climate. (b) With the aid of a diagram describe the mode of formation of cyclonic rainfall. (c) Highlight three benefits of cyclonic rainfall.
(a) Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a place over a short time, while climate is the average weather of a place over a long period (about 35 years).
(b) Diagram: warm air mass meeting cold air mass along a front, warm air rising over the wedge of cold air, clouds and rain at the front. Two air masses of different temperature and humidity meet; the lighter warm air is forced to rise over the denser cold air; it cools as it rises, reaches dew point and condenses into clouds; rain falls along the front (frontal/cyclonic rain), usually as long periods of steady rain.
(c) Water for agriculture; replenishes rivers, lakes and groundwater; water for domestic and industrial use; supports vegetation and wildlife; hydroelectric power; cools the weather.
Show the front in the diagram.
(a) What is a flood plain? (b) With the aid of a diagram, describe the characteristics and mode of formation of a flood plain.
(a) A flood plain is the wide, flat land on both sides of a river in its lower course, built of alluvium deposited when the river floods.
(b) Diagram: cross-section of a river with levees and a broad flat valley floor bounded by bluffs. Characteristics: flat, low-lying land; made of fertile alluvium; found in the lower course on both banks; bounded by bluffs; often has meanders, ox-bow lakes and levees; floods in the rainy season. Formation: in the lower course the river is slow and carries much load; in the rainy season it overflows its banks; the floodwater spreads out and slows down, depositing silt over the valley floor; repeated floods build up layers of alluvium; meander migration widens the plain.
Mention deposition during floods.
(a) List three processes of wind erosion. (b) Highlight three: (i) similarities between a zeugen and a yardang. (ii) differences between a zeugen and a yardang.
(a) Deflation; abrasion (corrasion); attrition.
(b)(i) Similarities: both are formed by wind erosion; both are found in hot deserts; both develop where hard and soft rocks occur together; both are ridges separated by furrows; both are shaped by abrasion.
(ii) Differences: in a zeugen the hard and soft rock layers lie horizontally, in a yardang they lie vertically; a zeugen has a flat (tabular) top, a yardang a steep, ridged top; zeugen ridges lie at right angles (or any direction) to the wind, yardangs lie parallel to the wind; zeugens are separated by deep furrows, yardangs by long narrow corridors.
State both sides of each difference.
(a) Define natural environment. (b) Highlight four ways by which mankind destroys the natural environment. (c) Outline two measures that can be adopted to control the destruction of the natural environment.
(a) The natural environment is the surroundings that exist without human creation: land, water, air, climate, soils, plants and animals.
(b) Deforestation and bush burning; mining and quarrying; pollution of air, water and land (industrial waste, oil spills, refuse); overgrazing and poor farming practices causing erosion; urbanisation and construction; poaching and overhunting.
(c) Afforestation and reafforestation; enforcement of environmental laws; reclamation of mining sites; proper waste management and recycling; public education; controlled grazing and good farming practices; population control.
Two measures, each explained.