46 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Study the map of IREWA DISTRICT to answer this question. The scale of the map in representative fraction (RF) is
Answer: B (1: 50,000.)
On the original map each kilometre of the linear scale measures 2 cm, so 1 cm = 0.5 km, i.e. 1:50,000.
Study the map of IREWA DISTRICT to answer this question. The crowfly distance from Doba to Sasi is approximately
Answer: B (6.0 km.)
Measure the straight line from Doba to Sasi and compare it with the linear scale: it is just over 6 divisions of 1 km, so about 6.0 km.
Study the map of IREWA DISTRICT to answer this question. What is the direction of IREWA from Oki?
Answer: D (South-east)
IREWA lies below and to the right of Oki on the map: south-east.
Study the map of IREWA DISTRICT to answer this question. The symbol A 950 to the north-east of IREWA is
Answer: D (trigonometrical station)
A triangle with a height beside it is the symbol for a trigonometrical station.
Study the map of IREWA DISTRICT to answer this question. The feature marked H on the map can best be described as a
Answer: B (conical hill.)
H is a small hill with closely spaced, roughly circular contours: a conical hill.
Study the map of IREWA DISTRICT to answer this question. Which of the following settlements is located at the highest altitude?
Answer: D (Oki)
Oki stands on the hill in the north-west, inside the 500 m contour.
Study the map of IREWA DISTRICT to answer this question. The most likely occupation of the people of Oki is
Answer: C (farming.)
Farmsteads surround Oki, so most people farm.
Study the map of IREWA DISTRICT to answer this question. Which of the following best explains the growth of IREWA?
Answer: A (Nodal town)
Several roads meet at IREWA, making it a nodal town.
Study the map of IREWA DISTRICT to answer this question. The most probable reason for the construction of the road from IREWA through Sasi to the plantation is
Answer: D (to evacuate farm products from the plantation to the market at IREWA.)
The road ends at the plantation, so it was built to carry plantation produce to IREWA.
Study the map of IREWA DISTRICT to answer this question. Which of the following towns may not be visible from the feature marked H?
Answer: D (Oki)
The 950 m ridge north-east of IREWA lies between H and Oki and blocks the view.
Which of the following types of bar graphs shows increases and decreases compared with a given average?
Answer: C (Divergent bar graph)
A divergent bar graph draws bars above or below a base line (e.g. an average) to show gains and losses.
The temperature of the environment changes with
Answer: B (altitude.)
Temperature falls by about 6.5°C for every 1,000 m rise in altitude.
The degree of longitude through which the Earth spins within 3 hours is
Answer: C (45°)
The earth turns 15° each hour: 3 × 15 = 45°.
An example of physical weathering process is
Answer: B (exfoliation.)
Exfoliation (peeling of rock layers by heating and cooling) is physical; the others are chemical.
Which of the following rocks is sedimentary?
Answer: A (Coal)
Coal forms from layers of plant remains; gneiss and marble are metamorphic, granite igneous.
Chemical weathering can take place most effectively when the conditions are
Answer: B (hot and wet)
Heat and moisture speed up chemical reactions, so hot wet (equatorial) climates have the most chemical weathering.
The temperature at the foot of a mountain is 20°C. If the mountain is 6,000 metres above sea level, what will be the approximate temperature at the top of the mountain?
Answer: A (-19.0°C)
6 × 6.5°C = 39°C drop: 20 − 39 = −19°C.
Under the Greek system of climatic classification, the world is divided into
Answer: D (torrid, temperate and frigid zones.)
The Greeks named the torrid, temperate and frigid zones.
"It is a pinnacle of calcium that grows from the floor of limestone cave". This is a description of
Answer: B (stalagmite.)
Stalagmites grow up from the cave floor; stalactites hang from the roof.
What is the shape of the Earth?
Answer: A (Geoid)
The earth is a geoid: a sphere slightly flattened at the poles.
Which of the following processes is associated with the ejection of magma and other related materials from deep below the Earth onto the Earth's surface?
Answer: D (Vulcanicity)
Vulcanicity covers all movement of magma towards and onto the surface.
Rocks in the inner part of the Earth are rich in
Answer: A (iron and nickel.)
The earth's core (barysphere, NIFE) is made mainly of nickel and iron.
When the moon comes in between the Earth and the sun in a perfect straight line, which of the following eclipse occurs?
Answer: C (Solar)
The moon blocks the sun from the earth: a solar eclipse.
Which of the following desert landforms is associated with wind deposition?
Answer: D (Barchan)
A barchan is a crescent-shaped sand dune built by wind.
Factors which influence the practice of irrigation include all except
Answer: B (high rainfall.)
Where rainfall is already high, irrigation is not needed.
Which of the following is a service industry?
Answer: A (Banking industry)
Banking provides a service, not goods.
A negative effect of mineral exploitation is
Answer: C (pollution.)
Mining pollutes land, water and air.
The system of agriculture which combines the growing of crops and rearing of animals is known as
Answer: C (mixed farming.)
Mixed farming combines crops and livestock on one farm.
Which of the following statements is true of transhumance?
Answer: A (It is the seasonal migration of animal rearers in mountainous areas.)
Transhumance is the seasonal movement of herders and their animals, e.g. up and down mountains or between north and south.
A town which is situated at the meeting point of roads is termed
Answer: A (nodal.)
A town where roads meet is a nodal town.
All these factors determine what a country can produce except
Answer: A (size of the country.)
What a country produces depends on its climate, resources and technology, not on its size.
Which of the following best explains the rapid urban population growth in developing countries of Africa?
Answer: B (Many people migrate to urban areas in search of jobs)
Rural-urban migration of job seekers is the main cause of fast urban growth.
Which of the following environmental hazards is prevalent in the coastal area?
Answer: D (Flooding)
Low-lying coasts are often flooded by sea surges and heavy rain.
Commodities which are traded in world trade exclude
Answer: D (human trafficking)
Human trafficking is a crime, not a legal commodity of trade.
The Ruhr industrial region in Germany is noted for the production of
Answer: A (iron and steel.)
The Ruhr grew on its coalfield as Europe's leading iron and steel region.
(a) State three functions each of the following settlements: (i) urban; (ii) rural. (b) Outline four areas of interdependence between rural and urban centres.
(a)(i) Urban: administrative; commercial and banking; industrial; educational (universities); health care (hospitals); transport and port; residential; religious; tourist/recreational; cultural.
(ii) Rural: farming/food production; lumbering; fishing; mining; hunting; local crafts; residential; supply of raw materials; custodians of culture and tradition.
(b) Rural areas supply food and raw materials to towns; towns supply manufactured goods to rural areas; rural people supply labour to towns; towns provide markets for rural produce; towns provide higher education, hospitals and banking; towns supply farm inputs (fertilisers, tools) and new ideas; townspeople visit rural areas for recreation and tourism; urban migrants send money home (remittances).
Show the flow both ways.
(a) Explain five reasons why the production of consumer goods is common in developing countries. (b) Outline five factors which influence industrial locations.
(a) Large local market for everyday goods such as food, drinks, soap, textiles; little capital is needed compared with heavy industries; simple technology that local workers can handle; local raw materials (agricultural produce) are available; import-substitution policies of governments; quick returns on investment; low level of technology and skilled manpower for heavy industries; shortage of power for heavy industries; foreign firms set up assembly and packaging plants.
(b) Raw materials; market; power; labour; capital; transport; water supply; government policy; land; political stability; industrial inertia; security.
Explain why each reason favours consumer goods.
(a) Draw a sketch map of Nigeria. On the map, locate and name: (i) Owerri, Ibadan and Birnin Kebbi; (ii) Cross River and Fadama plains of River Sokoto. (b) Outline four factors that encourage tourism in Nigeria. (c) Highlight three problems hindering tourism in Nigeria.
(a) Map: Owerri in the south-east (Imo State); Ibadan in the south-west (Oyo State); Birnin Kebbi in the north-west (Kebbi State) on the Sokoto-Rima valley; Cross River flowing from Cameroon through the south-east to the sea near Calabar; Fadama plains along River Sokoto/Rima in the north-west.
(b) Attractive natural scenery (Obudu Ranch, Yankari, Olumo Rock, waterfalls such as Erin Ijesha); rich culture and festivals (Argungu, Osun-Osogbo, Durbar, Calabar carnival); historical sites (Badagry, Sukur); beaches; good climate; hotels and transport facilities; government support (NTDC).
(c) Insecurity (kidnapping, terrorism); poor roads and infrastructure; poor publicity; high cost of hotels and services; poor maintenance of sites; epileptic power and water supply; poor funding; negative international image.
Name actual tourist sites.
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, mark and name: (i) the railway line from Ibadan to Kano; (ii) the main road from Port Harcourt to Lagos. (b) Highlight four contributions of transportation to the economic development of Nigeria. (c) Outline three problems limiting rail transportation in Nigeria.
(a) Map: western railway from Ibadan through Oshogbo, Ilorin, Jebba, Minna, Kaduna, Zaria to Kano; main road from Port Harcourt through Owerri/Onitsha (or Aba) to Benin City, Ore, Ijebu-Ode/Shagamu and Lagos.
(b) Movement of raw materials to factories and goods to markets; movement of people (labour mobility); employment; promotes trade and commerce; opens up rural areas; national integration; earns revenue; supports tourism; growth of towns along routes.
(c) Old, single narrow-gauge track; old and broken-down coaches and locomotives; poor maintenance and management; slow speed and poor time schedules; competition from road transport; inadequate funding; derailments; vandalism and theft of rails; limited coverage.
Name towns along each route.
Write a geographical account of Cross River plains under the following headings: (a) climate; (b) economic activities; (c) problems of development.
(a) Tropical wet (sub-equatorial) climate; heavy rainfall over 2,500-3,000 mm, falling most of the year; double maxima in places; high temperatures 24-30°C with small annual range (2-3°C); high relative humidity (over 80%); south-west winds dominant; cloudy skies and convectional thunderstorms.
(b) Farming of food crops (yam, cassava, rice) and cash crops (oil palm, cocoa, rubber); fishing in the river and estuary; lumbering in the rain forest; trading (Calabar port); tourism (Obudu Cattle Ranch, Calabar carnival, Cross River National Park); limestone mining and cement (Calabar); local crafts.
(c) Flooding and poor drainage; poor transport network; soil erosion and leaching; pests and diseases; inadequate infrastructure and amenities; sparse population in parts; dense forest difficult to clear; land disputes and youth restiveness; inadequate capital.
Write points under all three headings.
(a) State the difference between erosion and mass movement. (b) List four agents responsible for modifying landforms. (c) Outline three factors that influence mass movement.
(a) Erosion is the wearing away and removal of rock materials by moving agents (running water, wind, ice, waves), whereas mass movement is the downslope movement of weathered material under the direct influence of gravity, without a transporting agent.
(b) Running water (rivers); wind; moving ice (glaciers); waves and sea currents; underground water; man; animals.
(c) Gradient (steepness) of slope; amount of water/rainfall lubricating the material; nature and structure of the rocks (loose, jointed, clay); vegetation cover; earthquakes and volcanic activity; human activities (quarrying, road cutting, deforestation); gravity.
Stress the role of gravity in mass movement.
(a) List three characteristics of metamorphic rocks. (b) Describe three modes of formation of metamorphic rocks. (c) Outline three economic benefits of rocks.
(a) Formed by alteration of other rocks; hard and compact; crystalline; often banded or foliated; resistant to erosion; contain no fossils (usually); examples: marble, quartzite, slate, gneiss, schist.
(b) Thermal (contact) metamorphism: rocks are changed by great heat from magma intrusions, e.g. limestone to marble, sandstone to quartzite; dynamic (pressure) metamorphism: great pressure from earth movements changes rocks, e.g. shale to slate; regional (thermo-dynamic) metamorphism: heat and pressure together over large areas, e.g. granite to gneiss; also chemical (metasomatism) when hot fluids change composition.
(c) Building and road materials (granite, marble, sandstone); minerals and ores (tin, gold, coal); raw materials for industries (limestone for cement, clay for pottery); soils form from weathered rocks; aquifers store groundwater; tourism (scenery, caves); fuels (coal, oil in sedimentary rocks).
Give a before-and-after rock example for each mode.
(a) With the aid of annotated diagrams, describe the characteristics of the various stages of a river course. (b) List three ways by which rivers are beneficial.
(a) Upper (youthful) course: steep gradient; fast flow; vertical erosion; narrow V-shaped valley; interlocking spurs, waterfalls, rapids, potholes, gorges; small volume.
Middle (mature) course: gentler gradient; lateral erosion widens valley; larger volume; meanders begin; river cliffs and slip-off slopes; small floodplain.
Lower (old) course: very gentle gradient; slow flow; deposition dominant; wide floodplain; large meanders, ox-bow lakes, levees, braided channels; delta or estuary at the mouth.
Annotated diagrams: long profile and a cross-section for each stage.
(b) Water supply for domestic use and industries; irrigation; fishing; transport; HEP; fertile alluvial soils; tourism and recreation; sand and gravel for building; boundaries.
Annotate each diagram.
(a) Draw an outline of the Earth and show the following: (i) Equator; (ii) tropic of Cancer; (iii) Antarctic Circle. (b) Describe three characteristics of lines of longitude. (c) A football match is scheduled for 5.45 pm local time on Saturday in Onitsha, Nigeria (longitude 7°E). Calculate the local time football fans in Mambola, Sierra Leone (longitude 13°W) can tune their radio sets for the commentary.
(a) Circle for the earth with the Equator (0°) across the middle; Tropic of Cancer at 23½°N; Antarctic Circle at 66½°S, all labelled.
(b) They run north-south and meet at the poles; they are semicircles of equal length (half great circles); they are farthest apart at the Equator and converge towards the poles; measured in degrees east or west of the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian, 0° to 180°; used to calculate local time (15° = 1 hour); places on the same longitude have the same local time.
(c) Longitude difference = 7° + 13° = 20°; time difference = 20 × 4 minutes = 80 minutes = 1 hour 20 minutes; Mambola is west, so behind: 5.45 pm − 1 h 20 min = 4.25 pm on Saturday.
Add longitudes on opposite sides of Greenwich.
(a) List five sources of water pollution. (b) Highlight five measures that can be taken to control water pollution.
(a) Industrial effluents; oil spills; sewage and human waste; refuse dumped into rivers and drains; fertilisers and pesticides washed from farms; mining wastes; hot water from power stations (thermal pollution); dead animals; acid rain.
(b) Treat industrial waste and sewage before discharge; laws and penalties against polluters; proper refuse disposal and recycling; control of oil spills and pipeline vandalism; controlled use of fertilisers and pesticides; public education; regular monitoring of water quality; provision of toilets and drainage.
Five distinct points in each part.
(a) With the aid of diagrams, explain how the following factors affect the temperature of a place: (i) latitude; (ii) aspect and slope.
(i) Latitude: near the Equator the sun's rays are vertical, concentrated on a small area and pass through less atmosphere, so temperatures are high; towards the poles the rays are oblique, spread over a larger area and pass through more atmosphere, so temperatures are low; temperature therefore decreases from the Equator to the poles. Diagram: globe with vertical and slanting rays.
(ii) Aspect and slope: slopes facing the sun (south-facing in the Northern Hemisphere, north-facing in the Southern) receive direct rays and are warmer than slopes facing away; steep slopes facing the sun receive rays more directly than gentle ones; shaded slopes are cooler and may keep snow longer; this affects settlement and farming (e.g. vineyards on sunny slopes in the Alps). Diagram: valley with sunny (adret) and shady (ubac) slopes.
Draw a diagram for each factor.