55 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Study the map of JOJA DISTRICT to answer this question. The feature at the mouth of River Bala is likely to be a
Answer: D (Delta.)
Where River Bala enters the sea it ends in a fan of deposited material: a delta.
Study the map of JOJA DISTRICT to answer this question. What is the direction of Sasa from Moma?
Answer: B (South west.)
Sasa lies to the left of and below Moma on the map: south-west.
Study the map of JOJA DISTRICT to answer this question. Which part of the mapped area can coastal fishing be practiced?
Answer: C (North eastern.)
The sea (with the island and the mouth of River Bala) lies in the north-east of the map, so coastal fishing is there.
Study the map of JOJA DISTRICT to answer this question. The feature marked Q on the mapped area can be described as
Answer: D (ox-bow lake.)
Q points to a curved, horseshoe-shaped lake cut off beside the stream: an ox-bow lake.
Study the map of JOJA DISTRICT to answer this question. Which of the following settlements is likely to engage in fish processing?
Answer: C (Kako.)
Kako is on the coast, where fish is landed; the others are inland.
Study the map of JOJA DISTRICT to answer this question. What is the approximate bearing of Lola from Sasa?
Answer: B (154°)
Lola is south-south-east of Sasa, so its bearing is between 90° and 180°: about 154°.
The table below shows the temperature and rainfall distribution of Station F. Use it to answer this question.
Month: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec
Temperature (°C): 23, 24, 29, 34, 36, 35, 33, 31, 33, 32, 28, 23
Rainfall (mm): 0, 0, 0, 10, 108, 133, 187, 201, 187, 5, 0, 0
The annual rainfall recorded at Station F is
Answer: A (831mm)
0 + 0 + 0 + 10 + 108 + 133 + 187 + 201 + 187 + 5 + 0 + 0 = 831 mm.
The table below shows the temperature and rainfall distribution of Station F. Use it to answer this question.
Month: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec
Temperature (°C): 23, 24, 29, 34, 36, 35, 33, 31, 33, 32, 28, 23
Rainfall (mm): 0, 0, 0, 10, 108, 133, 187, 201, 187, 5, 0, 0
Which of the following months is the hottest?
Answer: C (May)
May has the highest temperature, 36°C.
Which drainage pattern is best formed in areas of alternate hard and soft rocks?
Answer: A (Trellised.)
Streams follow the soft bands and meet the main river at right angles, giving a trellis pattern.
Rocks formed through cementation of accumulated materials under water is
Answer: C (Sedimentary.)
Layers of sediment laid down in water and cemented together form sedimentary rock.
An intrusion of thick acid lava which forces overlying sedimentary rock layers to bulge into a dome may cool and solidify to form a
Answer: B (Laccolith.)
A laccolith is a dome of viscous magma that arches the rock layers above it.
The Greek system of classifying climate is based on
Answer: A (Temperature.)
The Greeks divided the world into torrid, temperate and frigid zones according to how hot or cold they are (temperature, linked to latitude).
What will be the time at Greenwich meridian when it is 12 noon at longitude 60°E?
Answer: C (8.00 a.m)
60° × 4 minutes = 4 hours; Greenwich is west, so it is behind: 12 noon − 4 h = 8.00 a.m.
The movement of the earth around the sun on its elliptical orbit is called
Answer: C (Revolution.)
Moving round the sun is revolution; spinning on the axis is rotation.
The Deccan plateau in India is a good example of
Answer: B (Volcanic plateau.)
The Deccan was built up by sheets of basalt lava: a volcanic (lava) plateau.
Horst is a feature associated with
Answer: C (Block mountain.)
A horst is an uplifted block between faults, i.e. a block mountain.
Which of the following pair of landforms are surface features of a karst region? I. Clint II. Grikes III. Stalagmite IV. Cavern
Answer: A (I and II only)
Clints and grikes form the limestone pavement on the surface; stalagmites and caverns are underground.
Two towns, A and B are on the International Dateline, what would be the distance between the two towns if town A is located on latitude 40°N and town B is located on latitude 10°N?
Answer: C (3330 kilometres.)
They are on the same meridian: (40 − 10) = 30° × 111 km = 3,330 km.
Wind erosion results in the formation of the following landforms except
Answer: D (Barchan.)
A barchan is built by wind deposition; the others are shaped by wind erosion.
Which of the following best explains the breaking down of well jointed rocks into large rectangular shaped features by mechanical weathering?
Answer: A (Block disintegration.)
Repeated heating and cooling opens the joints and splits the rock into rectangular blocks: block disintegration.
Which of the following conditions can produce a waterfall?
Answer: A (A sharp break in the bed of a river.)
A sudden drop in the river bed (e.g. hard rock over soft, or a fault) makes the water fall vertically.
Which of the following sequence is correct in the formation of a stack?
Answer: B (Headland, cave, arch, stack)
Waves attack a headland, hollow out a cave, cut through it to form an arch, and the arch roof collapses to leave a stack.
In which of the following regions will weathering by frost action occur throughout the year?
Answer: A (Cool temperature.)
Frost needs temperatures that fall below freezing; only the cool temperate lands among these have this (the others are warm).
The normal lapse rate refers to the average rate at which
Answer: D (Temperature decreases with altitude.)
The normal lapse rate is the fall in temperature with height, about 6.5°C per 1,000 m.
Which of the following is a proof of the earth's spherical shape?
Answer: A (Circum navigation.)
Ships sailing continuously in one direction return to where they started, which shows the earth is round.
Which of the following types of rocks contain fossils?
Answer: B (Sedimentary.)
Remains of plants and animals are buried in layers of sediment, so fossils are found in sedimentary rocks.
The natural exchange of water between land, oceans and the atmosphere is known as the
Answer: B (Hydrological cycle.)
The hydrological (water) cycle moves water by evaporation, condensation, precipitation and runoff.
Lines drawn on maps connecting places with equal duration of sunshine are called
Answer: A (Isohels.)
Isohels join places with equal sunshine.
Which of the following occurs when the sun is vertically overhead at the equator?
Answer: A (Equinox)
The sun is overhead at the equator at the equinoxes (21 March and 23 September).
Which of the following pair of ways can be used to solve the world's high population concentration problems? I. Family planning. II. Sex education III. Early marriage IV. Industrialization
Answer: A (I and II only)
Family planning and sex education reduce birth rates; early marriage raises them.
Which of the following countries in West Africa is well known for the production of diamonds?
Answer: C (Sierra Leone.)
Sierra Leone is West Africa's best-known diamond producer.
Which of the following is a leading industrial area in North America?
Answer: A (The North Eastern industrial area of USA)
The north-eastern USA (manufacturing belt) is the leading industrial region of North America.
'It is an intensive cultivation of fruits, vegetables or flowers, it is small scale farming, the yields are very high per hectare, produce sold to customers are usually fresh and commonly practiced in urban communities'. The above statements are characteristics of
Answer: C (Market gardening.)
Intensive growing of vegetables, fruit and flowers for nearby town markets is market gardening.
An advantage of large population is
Answer: C (Abundant labour force.)
A large population supplies plenty of workers.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between rural and urban areas?
Answer: B (Urban areas and rural areas depend on each other.)
Rural areas supply food, raw materials and labour; towns supply goods, services and markets: they are interdependent.
Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on the location of cement industry?
Answer: A (Proximity to source of raw materials)
Limestone is bulky and loses weight in processing, so cement factories are sited near the limestone (e.g. Ewekoro, Nkalagu).
Which of the following best describes high population growth?
Answer: D (Birth rates are higher than death rates.)
Population grows fast when births greatly exceed deaths.
Which of the following pairs of activities can initiate deforestation? I. Lumbering II. Afforestation III. Excavation IV. Grazing
Answer: A (I and IV only)
Logging and overgrazing remove trees and seedlings; afforestation plants trees.
Which of the following is arranged according to increasing size of settlement?
Answer: B (Hamlet, village, town and conurbation)
Hamlet < village < town < conurbation.
Wood carving, leatherwork and cloth weaving are examples of
Answer: D (Local craft industry.)
These are traditional hand-made crafts.
Population density is defined as the average
Answer: B (Number of people living in a unit area.)
Density = number of people per unit area (e.g. per km²).
A settlement pattern with houses arranged along lines of transportation is described as
Answer: B (Linear.)
Houses strung out along a road, railway or river form a linear settlement.
(a) Difference between primary and secondary industries. (b) Outline four reasons for the predominance of light industries in developing countries. (c) Highlight four contributions of the industrial sector to the economic development of developing countries.
(a) Primary industries extract or produce raw materials directly from nature (farming, fishing, mining, lumbering); secondary industries process or manufacture raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods (textiles, cement, food processing).
(b) They need little capital; simple technology and less skilled labour; local raw materials are available; ready local market for consumer goods; quick returns on investment; less power needed; government encouragement of small and medium enterprises.
(c) Employment; foreign exchange earnings and savings; revenue to government; use of local raw materials and value addition; transfer of technology and skills; diversification of the economy; growth of towns and infrastructure; higher standard of living.
Define with examples in (a).
(a) State four migration patterns. (b) Explain five factors that can trigger population movement in Tropical Africa. (c) Highlight three effects of population movement on the destination region of Tropical Africa.
(a) Rural-urban; urban-rural; rural-rural; urban-urban; international migration; seasonal migration (transhumance).
(b) Search for jobs and better income; better social amenities in towns (schools, hospitals, electricity); wars, insecurity and political persecution; natural disasters (drought, floods, desertification); land shortage or poor soils; education; marriage and family reunion; trade; government resettlement schemes.
(c) Overcrowding and housing shortage; pressure on amenities and infrastructure; unemployment and crime; traffic congestion; pollution and slums; larger labour force and market; cultural mixing and diffusion of ideas.
Explain push and pull factors.
(a) What is birth rate? (b) Outline three factors that affect birth rate in Tropical Africa. (c) Highlight three advantages of over-population in Tropical Africa. (d) Identify three problems created by over-population in Tropical Africa.
(a) Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in one year.
(b) Early marriage; polygamy; desire for many children (labour, prestige, security in old age); low use of family planning; religious and cultural beliefs; low level of female education; improved health care for mothers.
(c) Large labour force; large market for goods; manpower for defence; more taxpayers; encourages investment and full use of resources.
(d) Unemployment; food shortage and malnutrition; housing shortage and slums; pressure on social amenities; high crime rate; environmental degradation; high dependency ratio.
Define birth rate per 1,000.
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, locate and name: (i) one international airport; (ii) one river port; (iii) Lafia. (b) Outline four problems that affect transportation in Nigeria. (c) In what three ways has transportation contributed to the economic development of Nigeria?
(a) Outline of Nigeria with title and north arrow; an international airport such as Murtala Muhammed (Lagos), Nnamdi Azikiwe (Abuja), Mallam Aminu Kano (Kano) or Port Harcourt; a river port such as Onitsha, Lokoja, Baro or Makurdi; Lafia in Nasarawa State in central Nigeria.
(b) Bad roads and poor maintenance; inadequate funds; insecurity (robbery, kidnapping); difficult terrain and floods; high cost of vehicles, fuel and spare parts; poor management; accidents; old rail system.
(c) Moves people and goods easily; promotes internal and international trade; opens up new areas and links production and markets; creates employment; earns revenue; promotes national unity; supports growth of towns and tourism.
Name real places on the map.
(a) Outline five factors which determine what can be produced in Nigeria. (b) Idenfity five factors that hinder in Nigeria.
(a) Climate (rainfall, temperature); soil and relief; availability of natural resources and raw materials; capital; labour and skills; technology; market demand; power supply; transport; government policy; political stability.
(b) (trade) Poor transport and communication; inadequate capital and high interest rates; multiple taxes and tolls; insecurity; poor storage facilities; low purchasing power; inflation and fluctuating prices; smuggling; inconsistent government policy; poor quality and packaging of goods; competition from imported goods.
Read (b) as factors that hinder trade.
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name: (i) longitude 15°E; (ii) Udi Hill; (iii) Lokoja. (b) Outline three importance of highlands in Nigeria. (c) Identify four development problems arising from the presence of highlands in Nigeria.
(a) Outline of Nigeria with title and north arrow; longitude 15°E as a line near the eastern border (through the Lake Chad area); Udi Hill (Udi Plateau) in the south-east near Enugu; Lokoja at the Niger-Benue confluence.
(b) Source of minerals (tin and columbite on Jos Plateau, coal at Udi); source of rivers; cause relief rainfall; cool climate for tourism and resorts; grazing land; sites for HEP; defence; special crops (e.g. Irish potatoes on Jos Plateau).
(c) Barrier to road and rail construction; high cost of building infrastructure; soil erosion on steep slopes; difficult farming and mechanisation; scattered settlements; rain shadow on leeward sides; landslides; inaccessibility.
Mark longitude 15°E clearly.
The Table G below shows the value of commodities exported by a country in the year 2020. Study and use it to answer the questions that follow.
Table G
Cocoa: 729 US dollars
Diamond: 400
Gold: 900
Crude oil: 196
(a) Using a radius scale of 1 cm to represent 10 units, draw proportional circles to represent the value of exported commodities by the country in the year 2020. [Use the square root method] (b) Calculate the percentage of the value of gold exported in the year 2020.
(a) Square roots: cocoa √729 = 27 → radius 2.7 cm; diamond √400 = 20 → 2.0 cm; gold √900 = 30 → 3.0 cm; crude oil √196 = 14 → 1.4 cm. Draw four circles with these radii, label each with the commodity and value, and add a title and the scale.
(b) Total = 729 + 400 + 900 + 196 = 2,225; gold = 900 ÷ 2,225 × 100 ≈ 40.4%.
Take square roots before scaling.
(a) List three processes of wind erosion. (b) With the aid of a diagram, describe the characteristics and mode of formation of a zeugen.
(a) Deflation; abrasion (corrasion); attrition.
(b) Diagram: tabular ridges of hard rock capping soft rock, separated by deep furrows. Characteristics: ridge-and-furrow landscape; flat tops of hard rock; steep sides; furrows up to about 30 m deep; found in deserts. Formation: horizontal layers of hard rock lie over soft rock; joints in the hard cap are widened by weathering (e.g. frost or temperature change); wind abrasion then cuts down into the soft rock beneath, deepening the furrows; the hard rock remains as tabular blocks (zeugen) and may be undercut.
Mention hard over soft layers.
(a) What is an igneous rocks? (b) State three characteristics of igneous rocks. (c) Explain five economic importance of igneous rocks.
(a) Igneous rocks are rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma or lava.
(b) Crystalline; hard and compact; not in layers (unstratified); no fossils; mostly impermeable; may be acidic (granite) or basic (basalt).
(c) Building stone and road chippings (granite); sources of minerals (gold, tin, copper, iron); weather to fertile soils (volcanic soils); tourist attractions (inselbergs, volcanic features); granite and basalt for monuments and ornaments; contain groundwater in joints; geothermal energy in volcanic areas.
Give an example for each importance.
(a) State three conditions that favour the development of Karst topography. (b) Describe the characteristics and mode of formation of sink hole.
(a) A thick bed of hard, well-jointed limestone at or near the surface; moderate to heavy rainfall; water table well below the surface; limestone not too porous; plenty of carbon dioxide in rainwater.
(b) Characteristics: a funnel-shaped hole on the surface of limestone; water from surface streams disappears into it; may lead to underground caves; some are large and deep. Formation: rainwater containing carbon dioxide (weak carbonic acid) dissolves limestone along joints; the joints are widened at their intersections; continued solution enlarges the opening into a funnel-shaped hole; roof collapse of caves may also form sink holes.
Mention carbonation-solution.
(a) Using Koppen's System of classification of climates, identify the types of climate that are represented by the letters listed below: (i) Af; (ii) Am; (iii) Aw. (b) Outline six characteristics of the Af climate.
(a)(i) Af: tropical rainforest (equatorial) climate; (ii) Am: tropical monsoon climate; (iii) Aw: tropical savanna (wet and dry) climate.
(b) High temperature (about 27°C) all year; small annual range (2-3°C); heavy rainfall over 2,000 mm; rain in every month (no dry season); double maxima; convectional rain with thunderstorms in the afternoon; high relative humidity; cloudy skies; small diurnal range.
Six distinct characteristics.
(a) List three features that can be found in the middle course of a river. (b) Describe the characteristics and mode of formation of pothole.
(a) Meanders; river cliffs and slip-off slopes; bluffs; small flood plains; open V-shaped valley; confluences; tributaries.
(b) Characteristics: round, cylindrical holes in the rocky bed of a river; found in the upper course; sizes from a few cm to several metres; often contain pebbles. Formation: pebbles and boulders are trapped in hollows of the river bed; the swirling current (eddies) spins them round; they grind the rock by abrasion (drilling action); the hollow is deepened and widened into a pothole; worn pebbles are replaced by new ones.
Describe the drilling action of pebbles.
(a) Define atmospheric resources. (b) Outline three importance of atmospheric resources. (c) Highlight three human activities that adversely affect the composition of the atmosphere.
(a) Atmospheric resources are the useful components of the atmosphere (gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, water vapour, sunlight and wind) that people and other living things use.
(b) Oxygen for breathing; carbon dioxide for photosynthesis; nitrogen for plants and industry (fertilizers); rainfall from water vapour; wind and solar energy; ozone layer protects from ultraviolet rays; regulates temperature.
(c) Burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, factories and generators; gas flaring; bush burning and deforestation; use of CFCs (aerosols, refrigerants); mining and quarrying dust; burning of refuse.
Name the gas and its use.