58 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Use the map of OBANTA DISTRICT to answer this question. The actual distance by road between points A and B is approximately
Answer: B (34km)
Measure the road from A to B with a string and convert with the linear scale (2 km per division): about 34 km.
Use the map of OBANTA DISTRICT to answer this question. The direction of Aboh from Afonta is
Answer: B (south-east)
Afonta is in the north-west of the map and Aboh lies below and to the right of it, i.e. to the south-east.
Use the map of OBANTA DISTRICT to answer this question. The feature marked C is an example of
Answer: B (a col)
C marks the low saddle between the two hills in the north-east: a col.
Use the map of OBANTA DISTRICT to answer this question. In which of the following settlements will secondary industries be located?
Answer: C (Obanta)
Obanta is the largest settlement, with a market and school on the main road, so factories would be sited there.
Use the map of OBANTA DISTRICT to answer this question. The difference in height between two contour lines in the map is
Answer: D (50m)
Between the 500 m and 650 m contours there are two unlabelled lines, so the interval is 50 m.
Use the map of OBANTA DISTRICT to answer this question. The natural vegetation of the north-eastern part of the map is most likely to be
Answer: C (rainforest)
The north-east is covered with tree symbols on high, well-drained hills, which points to rainforest.
Use the map of OBANTA DISTRICT to answer this question. River Apama can be described as being at the
Answer: D (torrent stage.)
River Apama rises on the steep high ground and flows down a narrow valley, which is the youthful (torrent) stage.
Use the map of OBANTA DISTRICT to answer this question. The major occupation of the people of Obanta District is
Answer: D (farming)
Scattered cultivation symbols cover much of the map, so most people are farmers.
Use the map of OBANTA DISTRICT to answer this question. The footpaths are mainly for
Answer: C (farming)
The footpaths lead out from the settlements to the areas of scattered cultivation, so they are farm paths.
The planet with rights of circular light and dark bands is the
Answer: C (Jupiter)
Jupiter's clouds form light and dark bands round the planet.
The earth rotates on its axis from
Answer: B (west to east)
The earth spins from west to east, which is why the sun rises in the east.
The longitude of London is 0° while that of Sydney, Australia, is about 150°E The time at Sydney would therefore be
Answer: B (10 hours ahead of that of London)
150° ÷ 15° per hour = 10 hours; places east of Greenwich are ahead, so Sydney is 10 hours ahead.
The solar system comprises the sun and
Answer: D (nine planet)
When this paper was set (2000), the solar system was taught as having nine planets including Pluto (Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006).
The outer layer of the earth is called the
Answer: B (crust)
The thin outer solid layer of the earth is the crust.
Granitic rocks contain
Answer: A (silica, aluminium and iron)
Granite is the main rock of the continental crust (SIAL), rich in silica and aluminium; silica, iron and magnesium describe basalt (SIMA).
Denudation involves
Answer: D (destruction wastages and loss of earth's surface)
Denudation is the wearing away and lowering of the land surface by weathering and erosion.
In the desert region the most prominent agent of erosion is
Answer: D (wind)
With little rain and few rivers, wind does most of the erosion in deserts.
Residual mountains occur when
Answer: C (the general level of land is lowered by agents of denudation)
Residual mountains are the remains of high land left standing after the surrounding land has been worn down.
The lower course of a river is usually associated with the formation of
Answer: D (ox-bow lakes)
Ox-bow lakes form when large meanders on the flat flood plain are cut off.
Ventifacts are products of
Answer: A (sand blasting)
Ventifacts are stones shaped and polished by wind-blown sand striking them (sand blasting).
The middle course of a river normally shows
Answer: C (meanders)
In the middle course lateral erosion makes the river wind in meanders.
The Shiroro gorge can be found on River
Answer: D (Kaduna)
The Shiroro dam was built across a gorge on the River Kaduna.
One of the advantages of solar energy is that
Answer: B (it is natural and does not require periodic maintenance)
Sunlight is free and natural, and the energy itself needs no refuelling or upkeep.
A major characteristic feature that distinguishes heavy industry from light industry is the
Answer: D (complexity of the processing technique)
Heavy industries use large, complex plant and processes to handle bulky materials; light industries use simpler ones.
Which of the following statements are true of air transport? I Weather conditions impose a great limitation if it II It can be used to carry a great deal of freight per trip III It is most suitable for passengers and articles of high value IV Heavy non-perishable goods can be transported more quickly
Answer: C (I and III only)
Air transport is limited by weather (I) and is best for passengers and valuable goods (III); it carries little freight per trip.
Which of the following is not a sea route?
Answer: A (London-Moscow-Baghdad)
Moscow and Baghdad are far inland, so London-Moscow-Baghdad is not a sea route.
The world's busiest shipping routes are on the
Answer: D (Atlantic Ocean)
The North Atlantic route links the great industrial regions of Europe and North America and carries the most shipping.
The major problem facing the railway transport compared to road transport is
Answer: D (lack of flexibility)
Trains can only go where tracks are laid, so railways cannot provide door-to-door service.
The tourist centre of Ogbunike cave is located near
Answer: D (Onitsha in Anambra State)
Ogbunike caves are in Anambra State, near Onitsha.
Lateritization is a soil forming process characteristic of
Answer: C (humid tropics where rainfall and temperatures are high thoughout the year)
Laterites form in the hot, wet tropics, where heavy rain leaches silica away and leaves iron and aluminium oxides.
Nigeria is located between longitudes
Answer: A (3°E and 15°E)
Nigeria stretches from about 3°E in the west to about 15°E in the east.
Import tariffs are imposed on goods entering a country in order to
Answer: B (protect the growth of local industries)
Tariffs make imports dearer, so locally made goods can compete and local industries grow.
All the major industrial zones of Nigeria owe their origin mainly to
Answer: B (influx of migrant labour)
The industrial zones grew where large numbers of migrant workers gathered in the main towns and ports, providing labour and a market.
A major problem in agricultural development in Nigeria is
Answer: C (insufficient storage facilities)
Lack of storage means much harvested food rots, and farmers must sell cheaply at harvest.
Which of the following is not an element of climate?
Answer: A (Altitude)
Altitude is a factor that affects climate; temperature, pressure and precipitation are elements of climate.
Which of the following climatic types is found on the western margins of continents between altitudes 30° and 40° North and South of the Equator?
Answer: B (Mediterranean)
The Mediterranean climate occurs on the west sides of continents between about 30° and 40° latitude.
Cement factory is usually located near
Answer: C (source of raw materials)
Limestone is bulky and loses weight in processing, so cement works are built near the quarries.
In northern Nigeria, the most common type of vegetation is
Answer: D (tropical grassland)
Northern Nigeria is covered by savanna, i.e. tropical grassland.
Which of the following countries is located in North Africa?
Answer: D (Algeria)
Algeria is on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa.
The bulk of Nigerian timber is obtained from the
Answer: B (Rain-forest)
The rainforest belt supplies most of Nigeria's commercial hardwood.
Roads constructed to span long distance and across continents are called
Answer: C (trans-continental highways)
Roads crossing a whole continent, such as the Trans-African highways, are trans-continental highways.
The most limiting factor in the establishment of manufacturing industries in Tropical Africa is
Answer: B (capital)
Factories need large sums of money for machines and buildings, which are scarce in tropical Africa.
Which of the following best explains the presence of the Namib Desert in South-West Africa?
Answer: D (The coast is washed by the cool Benguele current)
The cold Benguela current cools the air above it, so onshore winds give fog but little rain.
The best solution to the rapid depletion of forest resources in West Africa is to
Answer: B (introduce forest conservation tenchniques)
Conservation (controlled felling, replanting, forest reserves) keeps forests productive for the future.
(a) Outline any four factors that led to the high population density in Japan (b) State three problems of the high population density in Japan (c) How are these problems being solved?
(a) Small area of habitable lowland (most of Japan is mountainous) so people crowd onto coastal plains; high industrial development offering jobs (Tokyo-Yokohama, Osaka-Kobe); intensive rice farming supporting many people; fishing; good transport and trade; historic high birth rate.
(b) Shortage of land and housing; congestion and pollution in cities; high cost of living; shortage of farmland and food; pressure on amenities.
(c) Land reclamation from the sea; high-rise buildings; family planning and later marriage; importing food; efficient mass transit; new towns and decentralising industry; pollution control laws.
Japan is crowded mainly because its lowlands are small.
(a) State four differences between local craft and heavy manufacturing industries (b) Outlines three factors that have influenced the location of an iron and steel industry in Tropical Africa (c) In what three ways has industrialization contributed to the economy of Tropical African countries?
(a) Craft: small scale, done at home or in small workshops, simple hand tools, little capital, family labour, local raw materials, products for local market. Heavy industry: large factories, complex machines, large capital, many skilled workers, bulky raw materials, products for wide markets.
(b) e.g. Ajaokuta (Nigeria): iron ore at Itakpe; coal from Enugu/Lafia; limestone; water and transport on the River Niger; power; government policy and central location. (Or Aladja near Warri.)
(c) Employment; goods for local use and saving foreign exchange; government revenue; infrastructure; growth of towns; transfer of technology; use of local raw materials.
Name the plant and its raw material sources.
(a) State three differences between rail and water transport (b) In what four ways can transportation influence economic development in any named country in West Africa? (c) Outline three problems of rail transport development in developing countries.
(a) Rail runs on fixed tracks over land; water uses seas, rivers and lakes. Rail is faster; water is slower. Water is cheaper for very bulky goods over long distances; rail costs more to build and run. Rail can reach inland where there are no navigable waterways.
(b) e.g. Nigeria: carries export crops and minerals to ports; distributes manufactured goods; opens up remote areas; creates jobs; growth of towns along routes; promotes trade and national unity; tourism.
(c) High cost of construction and maintenance; old narrow-gauge single tracks; shortage of engines, coaches and spare parts; poor management; competition from roads; difficult terrain; vandalism.
Name one West African country for part (b).
(a) On an outline map of Nigeria locate and name (i) one area important for each of the following: gold, petroleum, columbite (ii) one important town in each area (b) Explain any three contributions of mineral resources to the economy of Nigeria (c) Highlight any four factors that limit the exploitation of minerals in Nigeria
(a) Gold: Birnin Gwari/Sokoto area or Ilesha (towns Birnin Gwari, Gusau, Ilesha); petroleum: Niger Delta (Port Harcourt, Warri, Oloibiri); columbite: Jos Plateau (Jos).
(b) Foreign exchange and government revenue (oil); raw materials for industry (limestone, coal, tin); fuel and power; employment; growth of towns and infrastructure (Jos, Port Harcourt).
(c) Inadequate capital and technology; shortage of skilled labour; fluctuating world prices; dominance of foreign firms; poor transport; environmental problems and community conflicts; difficult terrain; illegal mining; inadequate geological surveys.
Put each mineral in its correct region.
Compare the North Central Highlands with the Cross River Plain under the following headings: (a) Relief and drainage (b) People and settlement (c) Economic activities
(a) North Central Highlands: high plateau (Jos Plateau about 1,200 m, average about 750 m) with hills, volcanic cones and inselbergs; radial drainage, source of rivers (Kaduna, Gongola, Hadejia). Cross River Plain: low-lying basin (about 120-180 m), gently undulating with swampy depressions; drained by the Cross River and its tributaries (dendritic).
(b) Highlands: Hausa-Fulani, Birom, Angas and other groups; dense on the plateau and around Jos, sparse in rugged parts; nucleated hill and plain settlements. Cross River Plain: Ibibio, Efik, Ekoi, Igbo and others; dense in the south, sparser in the north; dispersed and nucleated settlements on interfluves.
(c) Both mainly farming (yam, maize, rice). Highlands: tin and columbite mining, cattle rearing, temperate vegetables and potatoes, tourism. Cross River Plain: oil palm, rubber, cocoa, fishing, lumbering, some petroleum.
Compare point by point under each heading.
(a) Describe two methods of irrigation agriculture in the Nile Valley (b) Give three reasons for the development of irrigation agriculture in this region (c) Highlight four problems associated with this type of agriculture in the Nile Valley
(a) Basin irrigation: flood water is trapped in walled basins during the annual flood and crops are planted when it drains, one crop a year. Perennial irrigation: dams and barrages (Aswan, Sennar) store water that flows through canals all year, allowing two or three crops. Also shaduf, sakia (water wheel) and pumps lifting water.
(b) Very low rainfall (desert climate); reliable water from the Nile; flat fertile alluvial land; large population needing food; cash crops for export (cotton, sugarcane); government investment.
(c) Salinisation and waterlogging; silting of reservoirs and canals; water-borne diseases (bilharzia); loss of fertile silt below dams; fluctuating water levels; displacement of people; pests.
Describe how water reaches the fields in each method.
(a)(i) On an outline map of Africa, mark and name (i) the equatorial climatic zone (ii) one mediterranean zone (iii) one important town in each zone (b) State four characteristics of the equatorial climate (c) Describe two ways in which the equatorial climate affects agriculture
(a) Equatorial zone: Congo (Zaire) Basin and Guinea coast (town Kisangani, Libreville, or Port Harcourt area); Mediterranean zone: north-west Africa (Tripoli, Algiers, Tunis) or the south-western Cape (Cape Town).
(b) High rainfall over 200 cm well distributed; double maxima; constant high temperature about 27°C; small annual range (2-3°C); high humidity; much cloud and afternoon thunderstorms.
(c) Heavy rain all year supports tree crops (cocoa, oil palm, rubber) and two growing seasons; rapid weed growth and leaching reduce yields; pests and diseases such as tsetse fly limit cattle; wet conditions make mechanisation and storage difficult.
Mark the two zones in their correct latitudes.
The table below shows the quantity of yams (in kg) produced by four yam producing states in Nigeria between 1995 and 1998.
Table 1 - Quantity of yams in kilograms produced between 1995 and 1998
State A: 1995 300,000; 1996 400,000; 1997 500,000; 1998 600,000
State B: 500,000; 500,000; 600,000; 700,000
State C: 600,000; 700,000; 800,000; 800,000
State D: 700,000; 600,000; 500,000; 400,000
Use the table to answer the following questions (a) Calculate the total quantity of yams produced in the four states during the period (1995-1998) (b) Construct a pie-chart to show the quantity of yams produced by each state in 1998 (c) State two advantages of a pie-chart
(a) A 1,800,000; B 2,300,000; C 2,900,000; D 2,200,000; grand total 9,200,000 kg.
(b) 1998 total = 2,500,000 kg. Angles: A 600,000/2,500,000 × 360° = 86.4°; B 100.8°; C 115.2°; D 57.6° (total 360°). Draw a circle, mark sectors with a protractor, label each state, give a title and key.
(c) Easy to compare parts of a whole; shows each share at a glance; simple to draw and understand; attractive.
Check that the four angles add up to 360°.
(a) Describe any four ways in which lines of longitude are different from lines of latitude (b) Calculate the approximate distance in a straight line between Tema (Latitude 6°N) and London (Latitude 52°N) (Show all workings clearly)
(a) Longitudes run north-south from pole to pole, latitudes east-west; longitudes meet at the poles, latitudes are parallel; longitudes are measured 0-180° E or W of Greenwich, latitudes 0-90° N or S of the equator; all longitudes are equal in length and each pair forms a great circle, latitudes shrink towards the poles and only the equator is a great circle; longitudes are used to find time, latitudes to show climatic zones.
(b) Tema and London are on almost the same meridian (about 0°). Difference in latitude = 52° − 6° = 46°. Distance = 46 × 111 km = 5,106 km (about 5,100 km).
Both places lie close to the Greenwich meridian, so subtract the latitudes.
(a) Give two examples each of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks (b) Outline four major differences between sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
(a) Sedimentary: sandstone, shale, limestone, clay, coal, conglomerate. Metamorphic: marble, slate, quartzite, gneiss, schist.
(b) Sedimentary rocks form from deposited and compacted sediments; metamorphic rocks form when existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure. Sedimentary rocks are in layers (strata); metamorphic rocks may be banded or foliated. Sedimentary rocks often contain fossils; metamorphic rocks rarely do. Sedimentary rocks are usually soft and porous; metamorphic rocks are harder and crystalline. Sedimentary rocks are non-crystalline; metamorphic rocks are crystalline.
Make each difference a direct comparison.
(a)(i) Name two landforms produced by faulting (ii) Describe the characteristic features of one of the landforms named in (a)(i) above (b) Highlight the importance of mountains to man
(a)(i) Rift valley, block mountain (horst), fault scarp, tilt block.
(ii) e.g. Rift valley: long, narrow, flat-floored valley between two roughly parallel steep fault scarps; floor may contain lakes (Tanganyika, Malawi, Turkana); sides may have volcanoes; formed by tension or compression along parallel faults (East African Rift). Or block mountain: flat-topped, steep-sided upland between faults (Ruwenzori, Vosges).
(b) Sources of rivers for water and HEP; cool climate for settlement, tea and coffee; minerals; tourism and recreation; pasture; forests and timber; barriers for defence; relief rain on windward slopes.
Draw a simple diagram if it helps.
(a) With the aid of a well-labelled diagram, describe a typical soil profile (b) Highlight the importance of soil
(a) Diagram of horizons: O (organic litter); A horizon (topsoil: dark, rich in humus, much life, leached); B horizon (subsoil: lighter, where leached minerals such as iron and clay accumulate); C horizon (weathered parent material); D/R (bedrock).
(b) Medium for plant growth and food; supplies nutrients and water; habitat for organisms; raw materials (clay for bricks and pottery, laterite for roads); foundation for buildings; filters and stores water; supports grazing and forests.
Label each horizon and say what it contains.
Use the climatic data in the table below to answer the following questions.
Table II - Climatic data for Station X
Month: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, June, July, Aug, Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec
Rainfall in mm: 18, 17, 20, 39, 48, 90, 112, 90, 56, 47, 3?, 25
Temp in °C: 21, 21, 20, 17, 15, 12, 12, 13, 14, 18, 18, 20
(a) Plot a combined rainfall and temperature graph for Station X (b) Calculate the (i) annual temperature range (ii) mean annual temperature for the station (c) What climatic type does the station represent?
(a) Bars for monthly rainfall and a line graph for temperature on the same axes (rainfall scale on one side, temperature on the other), months along the base, title and key.
(b)(i) 21 − 12 = 9°C. (ii) Sum = 201; 201 ÷ 12 = 16.75°C (about 16.8°C).
(c) Mediterranean (warm temperate western margin) climate of the southern hemisphere: warm summers (Dec-Feb) and mild winters; most rain in winter (June-August); dry summers; e.g. Cape Town or Perth.
The coolest months are June-July, so the station is in the southern hemisphere.
(a) List four atmospheric resources (b) Describe three uses each of any two of the resources listed in (a) above (b) Name three other environmental resources that are of great importance to man.
(a) Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour/rainfall, sunlight, wind.
(b) e.g. Sunlight: photosynthesis by plants; solar energy for electricity and heating; drying crops, fish and clothes; vitamin D. Wind: wind power; sailing; winnowing grain; dispersal of seeds and pollen; drying. (Or oxygen: breathing, burning, welding; water vapour: rain for farming, water supply, moderating temperature.)
(c) Land/soil, water, minerals, forests/vegetation, wildlife, the sea.
The second '(b)' should be read as (c).