33 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Which of the following organisms possesses both plant and animal characteristics?
Answer: C (Euglena)
Euglena has chloroplasts like a plant but moves with a flagellum and has no cell wall, like an animal.
Use the diagram below to answer questions 2 to 4
The structure represented in the diagram above is
Answer: C (a filament)
The cells are joined end to end in a single row: a filament (Spirogyra).
Use the diagram (a filamentous green alga, parts labelled I and II) to answer this question.
The part labelled I in the diagram is the
Answer: B (chloroplast)
I points to the spiral band running round the cell, the chloroplast.
Use the diagram (a filamentous green alga, parts labelled I and II) to answer this question.
What is the function of the part labellled II in the diagram? It
Answer: D (suspends the nucleus)
II points to the cytoplasmic strands that hold the nucleus in the middle of the vacuole.
Which of the following organelles helps to remove excess water from cells?
Answer: C (Contractile vacuole)
The contractile vacuole collects and pumps out excess water.
Which of the following processes occurs by diffusion?
Answer: D (Exchange of nutrients between a mother and the foetus)
Food and oxygen pass from mother's blood to the foetus across the placenta by diffusion; the other options are movements of water (osmosis).
Which of the following is a product of brewing when yeast is used as a fermenting agent?
Answer: D (Ethanol)
Yeast ferments sugar into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide.
Which of the following hind limb bones is equivalent to the humerus of the forelimb?
Answer: E (Femur)
The femur is the single upper bone of the hind limb, matching the humerus of the fore limb.
Clotting of blood is a function of
Answer: B (vitamin K)
Vitamin K is needed to make clotting factors such as prothrombin.
Which of the following structures is associated with respiration in insects?
Answer: B (Spiracle)
Air enters an insect's tracheae through spiracles along its body.
The diagram below represents a section of the stem of a plant. Use it to answer questions 11 and 12
Which of the labelled parts is made up of dead cells?
Answer: D (II and III)
The loose complementary cells of the lenticel (II) and the cork layer (III) are dead cells.
The diagram represents a section of the stem of a plant (parts labelled I to V).
The part labelled I in the diagram is called
Answer: C (lenticel)
The raised pore in the bark filled with loose cells is a lenticel.
The malpighian tubule plays a major role in
Answer: E (excretion)
Malpighian tubules are the excretory organs of insects.
Filtered blood from the kidney is carried back to the circulatory system through the
Answer: C (renal vein)
Blood leaves the kidney in the renal vein.
The early removal of the pituitary gland in animals may cause
Answer: A (ceasation of growth)
The pituitary makes growth hormone, so removing it early stops growth.
A high concentration of auxin in the root will
Answer: A (inhibit growth)
Roots are very sensitive to auxin: a concentration that makes shoots grow actually slows root growth.
Study the diagram below and use it to answer questions 17 and 18
The part labelled II in the diagram is the
Answer: B (grey matter)
II points to the edge of the H-shaped inner region, the grey matter.
Use the diagram of a section of the spinal cord (parts labelled I to V).
Which of the labelled parts is filled with cerebrospinal fluid?
Answer: E (I only)
I points to the central canal in the middle of the cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Which of the following is an example of a reflex action?
Answer: A (Sneezing)
Sneezing is automatic; the others are voluntary.
During mating, the male toad holds the female with its
Answer: D (nuptial pad)
Rough nuptial pads on the male's thumbs help him grip the female (amplexus).
One of the applications of variation is in
Answer: B (determining paternity)
Inherited differences such as blood groups can help decide who a child's father is.
In which of the underlisted blood groupings is agglutination likely to occur during transfusion?
Donor → Recipient: I. toto → TATA; II. TBto → TBTB; III. TATA → TATB; IV. TATB → toto; V. toto → TBTB
Answer: D (IV)
In IV an AB donor gives blood to a group O recipient, whose anti-A and anti-B antibodies clump the donor's cells.
Which of the following is not a morphological variation
Answer: E (Tongue rolling)
Tongue rolling is an ability (physiological variation), not a difference in body form.
Which of the following is found in Meiosis but not in Meiosis?
Answer: C (Crossing over)
Crossing over between homologous chromosomes happens only in meiosis, not in mitosis.
In man haemophilia is recessive and sex linked. The probability of a carrier mother and a normal father having a haemophilic male is
Answer: A (1/4)
XHXh × XHY gives XHXH, XHXh, XHY, XhY, so 1 child in 4 is a haemophilic boy.
In an inter-species competition, the less successful species usually
Answer: E (become eliminated)
The species that loses the competition dies out or is driven out of the area.
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes the soldier termite from other members of the caste?
Answer: A (Wingless, strong mandibles and large head)
Soldiers are wingless with a large head and strong jaws for defence.
Bees communicate with one another to obtain information about the direction of food source through
Answer: A (complicated set of dances)
A worker bee shows the direction and distance of food with the round and waggle dances.
Which of the following behavioural patterns describes adaptive colouration?
Answer: A (Counter shading)
Counter shading (dark back, pale belly) hides an animal; the others are not colour features.
(a) Describe an experiment to compare the water-holding capacity of sandy, loamy and clayey soils
(b) List three factors that may affect the water holding capacity of soil
(c) (i) State the characteristics of sandy and loamy soils (ii) What type of vegetation does each support?
(a) Dry equal masses of sand, loam and clay; place cotton wool in three funnels on measuring cylinders; put each soil in a funnel; pour the same volume of water (e.g. 100 cm³) on each; leave until dripping stops; measure the water collected
Water retained = water added − water collected; clay retains most, then loam, sand least
(b) Any three: particle size/texture; humus/organic matter content; soil structure (crumbs); amount of clay; pore spaces; compaction
(c)(i) Sandy: large coarse particles; large air spaces; well drained and aerated; holds little water; low in nutrients; warms quickly
Loamy: mixture of sand, silt and clay with humus; good crumb structure; moderate drainage and water retention; well aerated; fertile
(ii) Sandy soil – sparse vegetation (grasses, shrubs, drought-tolerant plants); loamy soil – luxuriant vegetation, good for most crops and forest
State that equal masses of soil and equal volumes of water must be used.
(a) Explain the following terms (i) first aid (ii) artificial respiration (iii) dislocation (iv) haemorrhage
(b) (i) State three objectives of first aid (ii) Explain the procedure for administering the mouth-to-mouth method of artificial respiration
(c) (i) State three signs of dislocation (ii) Name two ways of stopping bleeding from an open wound.
(a)(i) First aid: immediate help given to an injured or suddenly ill person before medical help arrives
(ii) Artificial respiration: forcing air into the lungs of a person who has stopped breathing, to restart breathing
(iii) Dislocation: displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint
(iv) Haemorrhage: heavy loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel
(b)(i) To preserve life; to prevent the condition becoming worse; to promote recovery; to relieve pain and reassure the victim
(ii) Lay the person on the back; clear the mouth and airway; tilt the head back and lift the chin; pinch the nose; take a deep breath, seal your mouth over theirs and blow until the chest rises; remove your mouth to let air out; repeat about 12–15 times a minute until breathing returns or help arrives
(c)(i) Any three: pain and swelling at the joint; deformity/abnormal shape; inability to move the joint; bruising; limb shorter or bent
(ii) Any two: direct pressure with a clean pad/dressing; raise the injured part; pressure on the pressure point/artery; tourniquet (only in severe cases); bandage firmly
In (b)(ii) give the steps in order.
(a) Make a labelled diagram of the female reproductive organ of a (i) flowering plant (ii) mammal (man)
(b) State the functions of any two of the labelled parts in (a) (i) and (ii)
(c) Compare reproduction in mammals, amphibians and birds with respect to (i) number of eggs produced (ii) method of fertilization; (iii) parential care.
(a)(i) Carpel/pistil: stigma, style, ovary, ovary wall, ovule(s), placenta, micropyle, embryo sac/egg cell
(ii) Female system: ovaries, oviducts (Fallopian tubes) with funnels, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva
(b) Plant (two): stigma – receives pollen; style – carries the pollen tube to the ovary; ovary – holds ovules and becomes the fruit; ovule – contains the egg and becomes the seed
Mammal (two): ovary – makes eggs and hormones; oviduct – carries the egg, site of fertilisation; uterus – embryo implants and develops; vagina – receives sperm, birth canal
(c)(i) Mammals – very few eggs; amphibians – very many eggs; birds – few eggs (more than mammals)
(ii) Mammals – internal; amphibians – external (in water); birds – internal
(iii) Mammals – much care (feeding with milk, protection); amphibians – little or none; birds – much care (incubating eggs, feeding young)
Set out (c) as a table with the three animal groups as columns.
(a) Define the term "Conservation"
(b) State three reasons for conservation
(c) List four methods of conserving each of the following: (i) water (ii) wildlife (iii) forest
(d) Mention three forest or game reserves in Nigeria.
(a) Conservation is the planned management and wise use of natural resources so that they continue to be available for present and future generations
(b) Any three: to prevent extinction of plants and animals; to keep resources for future generations; to maintain ecological balance; for scientific research and education; for tourism and recreation; for economic benefit
(c)(i) Water: building dams/reservoirs; protecting catchment areas by planting trees; preventing pollution; treating and recycling waste water; avoiding waste; rain-water harvesting
(ii) Wildlife: game reserves/national parks; laws against poaching; closed hunting seasons; protecting endangered species; controlling bush burning; public education
(iii) Forest: afforestation/reafforestation; forest reserves; controlled felling (selective logging); preventing bush fires; taungya system; licensing timber cutting
(d) Any three: Yankari Game Reserve (Bauchi); Kainji Lake National Park/Borgu Game Reserve (Niger/Kwara); Old Oyo National Park (Oyo); Cross River National Park/Oban Hills (Cross River); Gashaka-Gumti (Taraba/Adamawa); Omo Forest Reserve (Ogun); Okomu (Edo)
Give four separate methods for each resource.