66 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Use the map of WAWA DISTRICT to answer the question. The feature marked Y on the map can best be described as a
Answer: C (conical hill)
Y is ringed by closed, roughly circular contours that rise to a small summit: a conical hill.
Use the map of WAWA DISTRICT to answer the question. Which of the following best explains the growth of Wawa? It
Answer: A (is a nodal town)
Several roads and routes meet at Wawa, making it a nodal town.
Use the map of WAWA DISTRICT to answer the question. The most probable reason for the construction of the road from Wawa through Tafi to the plantation is
Answer: D (to evacuate farm products from the plantation to the market at Wawa)
A road leading to a plantation is built mainly to carry its produce to market.
Use the map of WAWA DISTRICT to answer the question. Which of the following settlements is located at the highest altitude?
Answer: E (Dade)
Dade stands inside the highest (500 m) contours in the north-west of the map.
Use the map of WAWA DISTRICT to answer the question. The most likely occupation of the people of Dade is
Answer: A (farming)
Farmsteads (fm) surround Dade, showing that the people farm.
Use the map of WAWA DISTRICT to answer the question. Which of the following industries is likely to be found in Sadi?
Answer: C (Cement)
A limestone deposit is shown at Sadi, and limestone is the raw material for cement.
The angular distance of a point on the earth's surface measured in degrees from the centre of the earth is known as
Answer: A (latitude)
Latitude is the angle north or south of the equator measured from the earth's centre.
When it is 9.00am in Munich, Western Germany (longitude 11°E), the time in Calcutta, India (longitude 96°E) is
Answer: D (2.40p.m)
96 − 11 = 85°; 85 × 4 min = 5 h 40 min; Calcutta is east, so 9.00 a.m. + 5 h 40 min = 2.40 p.m.
What is the longitude of a place X whose time is noon when Greenwich meantime is 6p.m?
Answer: E (90°W)
X is 6 hours behind Greenwich: 6 × 15° = 90°, and behind means west.
Which of the following types of sedimentary rocks is paired with the wrong texture?
Answer: E (Silt - medium - grained particles.)
Silt is fine-grained (between clay and sand), not medium-grained.
Which of the following minerals is most likely to be absent in a region consisting mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Answer: B (Coal)
Coal forms from plant remains in sedimentary rocks.
Which of the following combinations of processes is associated with the formation of a rift valley? (I) Tension or compression forces (II) Resistance and faulting (III) Emergence of the middle crust of rocks (IV) Submergence of the middle crust of rocks
Answer: B (I, II and IV only)
Tension or compression causes parallel faults and the middle block sinks, forming a rift valley.
Which of the following best explains why the older fold mountains are much lower and less rugged than the newer ones?
Answer: D (The older fold mountains have been subjected to the forces of denudation for longer, geological periods)
Old fold mountains have been worn down by weathering and erosion for far longer.
All the following are characteristics of a limestone region except
Answer: C (adequate luxuriant vegetation cover)
Water sinks quickly into limestone, so the surface is dry with thin soils and scanty vegetation.
The presence of gorges in the upper section of rivers is due to the fact that
Answer: D (the upper course has a steep gradient)
A steep gradient gives fast water and strong downward (vertical) erosion, cutting deep narrow gorges.
Rock pedestals are most likely to be found in
Answer: B (arid areas where wind abrasion has modified rocks of differing resistance)
Sand-laden wind wears away the softer base of a rock faster, leaving a mushroom-shaped pedestal.
When the roof of a coastal cave collapses, it forms
Answer: E (a geo)
The collapse of a sea-cave roof leaves a narrow inlet called a geo.
Which of the following is not typical submarine relief feature?
Answer: A (Roche moutonnee)
A roche moutonnée is a glaciated rock on land, not a feature of the ocean floor.
Most warm ocean currents
Answer: E (flow towards the high latitudes)
Warm currents carry tropical water poleward, towards higher latitudes.
Isothermal maps give information about
Answer: B (temperature)
Isotherms are lines joining places of equal temperature.
The instrument used for recording the direction of the prevailing wind of a place over a period of one month is called
Answer: A (a wind vane)
A wind vane shows wind direction; its readings over the month give the prevailing wind.
A rain gauge is kept in an open place in the observatory because
Answer: B (rain drops get into the funnel without any obstruction)
Away from trees and buildings, rain falls straight into the funnel and the reading is accurate.
Study the climatic data below.
Month: J F M A M J J A S O N D
Temp (°F): 81 82 83 83 82 79 78 78 78 80 81 82
Temp (°C): 27.2 27.8 28.3 28.3 27.8 26.1 25.6 25.6 25.6 26.7 27.2 27.8
Rainfall (inches): 1.1 2.1 3.7 5.7 10.5 10.7 10.7 2.8 5.3 7.8 2.6 0.8
Rainfall (mm): 25.4 51 95.3 146 258 260 260 70 133 190 65 19.1
The climatic chart above most probably refers to the
Answer: B (equatorial climate)
High temperatures (about 26-28°C) all year, a tiny range and rain in every month with two peaks show an equatorial climate.
Foliage is evergreen with thin undergrowth, the leaves are small, thick, leathery and needle-shaped. This description is that of the
Answer: C (coniferous forest)
Needle-shaped, thick, evergreen leaves are typical of coniferous trees.
The soil in a typical natural rainforest remains fertile and suitable for arable agriculture because
Answer: C (the soil nutrient is continously being replenished by the decay of the dense undergrowth and fallen leaves)
Leaves and dead plants decay quickly, constantly returning nutrients to the soil.
Which of the crops below requires the following conditions for successful cultivation? (i) Heavy rainfall of between 1270mm (50 ins) and 2000mm (80 ins) during the 4 to 6 months growing period (ii) High mean temperature of 18° to 27°C (65° to 80°F) with no cold season (iii) A warm, dry period for harvesting (iv) Loamy or clayey soil and an almost level ground (v) Cheap and abundant labour
Answer: C (Rice)
Rice needs heavy rain in a short growing season, level clayey land that holds water, a dry harvest period and much hand labour.
Which of the following combinations can be regarded as sub-systems within the ecosystem?
Answer: A (Food chain, hydrological cycle, mineral nutrient cycle)
The food chain (energy flow), the water cycle and the nutrient cycle are the working sub-systems of an ecosystem.
Loss of farmland can be attributed to all the following except
Answer: A (sedimentation)
Sedimentation usually adds fertile material to land; the others destroy or impoverish farmland.
The term gauge in railway transport refers to the
Answer: D (distance between rails of a track)
Gauge is the width between the two rails of a track.
In which of the following areas is fruit farming least important?
Answer: D (Uganda)
Fruit farming is a major activity in the Mediterranean north of Africa, not in Uganda.
The major fruits grown in the Mediterranean regions of Africa include
Answer: A (grapes, olives, apricots and figs)
Grapes, olives, apricots and figs suit the Mediterranean climate of dry summers and mild wet winters.
The term dispersed settlement refers to a settlement
Answer: D (scattered and separate homesteads)
In a dispersed settlement the houses are scattered and separated from each other.
Nigeria is located between latitudes
Answer: B (4°N and 14°N)
Nigeria lies roughly between latitudes 4°N and 14°N.
The predominant system of agriculture among rural farmers in Nigeria is
Answer: D (bush fallowing)
Small-scale farmers clear a plot, farm it for a few years and leave it to rest: bush fallowing.
Which of the following factors does not contribute to the growth of Lagos, Kaduna and Benin?
Answer: A (Mining)
None of these three cities grew because of mining.
A town located at the confluence of two rivers in Nigeria is
Answer: D (Lokoja)
Lokoja lies where the Benue joins the Niger.
Which of the following is sometimes a major problem for incoming aircraft at Sokoto airport?
Answer: D (Poor visibility)
Harmattan dust haze reduces visibility in the far north.
All the following are true of plantation agriculture in West Africa except that it
Answer: C (is practised only by foreign companies)
Plantations are also owned by governments and local companies, not only foreign firms.
In East Africa, cattle rearing is practised mainly by the
Answer: E (Masai)
The Masai of Kenya and Tanzania are famous pastoral cattle herders.
The sahel savanna vegetation is predominantly found in
Answer: E (Borno State)
The Sahel savanna occupies the far north-east, mainly Borno State.
Nigeria's three oil refineries are situated in
Answer: B (Kaduna, Bendel and Rivers States)
The refineries (1990) were at Kaduna, Warri (Bendel) and Port Harcourt (Rivers).
Which of the following towns is not on the railway line from Port Harcourt to Kaduna in Nigeria?
Answer: D (Jebba)
Jebba is on the western (Lagos-Kano) line.
Which of the following human occupations was most responsible for the early growth of Kano?
Answer: B (Trading)
Kano grew as a terminus of the trans-Saharan trade.
All the following are important timber producing countries in Africa except
Answer: D (Mauritania)
Mauritania is a desert country with no timber forests.
Which of the following cities is not the capital of an ECOWAS country?
Answer: A (Numan)
Numan is a town in Nigeria; the others are capitals.
Explain the factors responsible for the very high population density in the (a) North-East of USA (b) Indus and Ganges deltas.
(a) North-East USA: early European settlement on the Atlantic coast; rich coal, iron ore and other resources; great industrial cities and jobs; good ports (New York, Boston, Philadelphia) and transport (Great Lakes, railways); commerce and finance; fertile farmland; moderate climate
(b) Indus and Ganges deltas: very fertile alluvial soils renewed by floods; plenty of water from rivers and monsoon rain; hot climate allowing 2-3 crops of rice a year; intensive farming that supports many people; long history of settlement; religious/cultural factors favouring large families
Different reasons: industry for the USA, fertile farmland for the deltas.
Show the similarities and differences between road and railway as major means of transportation
Similarities: both land transport; carry people and goods; link production areas to markets and ports; promote trade and national unity; need large capital to build
Differences: road gives door-to-door service, rail does not; road is flexible in routes and times, rail fixed; rail is better and cheaper for heavy, bulky goods over long distances, road for light goods and short distances; roads are cheaper to build and maintain; road vehicles are privately owned, railways usually state-run; rail is safer and less congested, roads have more accidents
Set out the differences as matching pairs.
Explain any six factors each which have favoured the development of any two of the following industries: (a) Iron and steel industry in the Ruhr region (b) Ship building in Japan (c) Chemical industry in eastern United States of America (d) Textile industries in Great Britain
Any two, six factors each:
Ruhr iron and steel: large coal fields giving coking coal; local iron ore at first, imports via the Rhine and Rotterdam; Rhine and canals for cheap bulk transport; large supply of skilled labour; big market in Germany and Europe; capital and technology; water supply; good rail and road links
Japanese ship building: long indented coast with deep sheltered harbours; steel industry nearby; skilled, hard-working labour; advanced technology and automation; huge demand from Japanese shipping and world orders; government support and capital
Eastern USA chemicals: petroleum, natural gas, salt and sulphur; plenty of water; power; skilled labour; large market; capital and research
British textiles: early start (Industrial Revolution); coal for steam power; soft water (Lancashire, Yorkshire); damp climate for spinning cotton; wool from sheep and imported cotton through Liverpool; skilled labour; large home and colonial markets
Pick only two industries and give six factors each.
(a) With the aid of appropriate diagrams, describe the distinguishing characteristics of any three types of urban settlements
(b) Discuss any four problems of urbanization
(a) Diagrams plus: town – small urban centre with some services; city – large urban centre with many services, CBD, industries, administration; conurbation – two or more towns that have grown and merged but keep their names (e.g. Lagos-Ikeja); megalopolis – very large chain of cities and conurbations joined over a wide area (e.g. Boston-Washington)
(b) Any four: overcrowding and slums; housing shortage; traffic congestion; overstretched water, power, schools and hospitals; unemployment and crime; pollution and waste disposal; spread of diseases
Draw simple diagrams showing how towns join together.
(a) With specific examples give four reasons why countries exchange goods and services
(b) Account for the low volume of trade between Nigeria and the rest of Africa.
(a) Uneven distribution of natural resources (Nigeria sells oil, buys machinery); differences in climate, so different crops (cocoa from Ghana, wheat from Canada); differences in technology and skills (Japan exports electronics); specialisation and comparative advantage; surplus production and need for markets; differences in population and demand; to earn foreign exchange
(b) African countries produce similar primary goods; poor transport and communication links; different currencies and payment problems; tariffs and border barriers; colonial ties directed trade to Europe; low purchasing power; political instability; preference for foreign goods
Back each reason with a named country.
(a) On an outline map of Nigeria locate and name: (i) one important sea port and one important river port (ii) The road or railway serving each of the ports in (i) above (iii) one international airport and one domestic airport
(b) What four factors have helped the development of any one of the ports?
(c) What two factors have limited the use of any one of the ports?
(a) e.g. sea port Apapa (Lagos) with Lagos-Kano railway/Apapa-Oshodi expressway; river port Onitsha/Lokoja/Warri with its road; Murtala Muhammed International Airport (Lagos); domestic airport e.g. Benin/Ilorin
(b) Apapa: deep, sheltered harbour (Lagos lagoon) with dredged channel and moles; large, rich hinterland; road and rail links to the whole country; nearness to Lagos as commercial/industrial centre; modern facilities (cranes, warehouses); handles most of Nigeria's trade
(c) Congestion and delays; silting/sandbar needing constant dredging; limited land for expansion; poor management
Keep (b) and (c) to the same port.
(a) Draw a sketch map of Nigeria to show any three vegetation belts.
(b) Describe the effects of climate on the vegetation of any one of the belts
(c) Name any two resources found in the vegetation belt shown in (a) above and describe any two uses of each.
(a) Sketch with key, e.g. rain forest (south), Guinea/Sudan savanna (middle and north), Sahel savanna (far north-east); mangrove on the coast
(b) Rain forest: heavy rainfall all year with short dry season keeps trees evergreen and tall; high temperatures and humidity give luxuriant growth and many species in layers; little seasonal leaf fall; dense canopy limits undergrowth
(c) e.g. timber – building, furniture, export, fuel; tree crops (oil palm) – cooking oil, soap, margarine, export; wild animals – meat, skins; medicinal plants
Link each feature of the vegetation to a climate element.
(a) Draw a sketch map of Nigeria, and on it mark and name (i) one area of high population density (ii) one area of low population density (iii) one town in each area shown
(b) Give four reasons in each case for the type of population density shown on your map.
(a) e.g. high density – Lagos or Igboland (Onitsha/Owerri) or Kano close-settled zone; low density – middle belt (Makurdi/Lokoja area) or Borno/Bauchi
(b) High (Lagos): commercial and industrial centre; jobs; port and transport hub; former federal capital; social amenities; migration
Low (middle belt): past slave raiding; tsetse fly and blackfly (sleeping sickness, river blindness); poor soils and few amenities; few industries and jobs; poor communications
Give separate reasons for the dense and the sparse area.
(a) On a sketch map of Nigeria, mark and name the following (i) the Western Uplands, the Udi Hills and the North Central Plateau (ii) one important river basin (iii) one natural lake and one man-made lake
(b) Explain with specific examples the importance of river basin in the development of nigeria
(c) What three factors are limiting the use of river basins in Nigeria?
(a) Map with the three highlands; a river basin e.g. Chad/Sokoto-Rima/Niger basin; Lake Chad (natural) and Kainji Lake (man-made)
(b) Irrigation farming (Bakolori in Sokoto-Rima, South Chad Irrigation Project); hydro-electric power (Kainji, Jebba, Shiroro); fertile flood plains for rice and vegetables (fadama); fishing; water supply; river transport; river basin development authorities bring roads and services
(c) Seasonal flow/low water in the dry season; flooding and swampy land; silting of reservoirs; water hyacinth; high cost of projects and poor management; diseases (bilharzia, river blindness)
Name real basins and projects in (b).
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria and on it show and name: (i) one area each for oil palm, cotton and cocoa cultivation (ii) one forest belt and one savanna belt
(b) Explain any four ways in which any one of the crops named in (a) above is important to the economy of Nigeria
(c) What three problems does the cultivation of the crops named in (b) above face?
(a) Map: oil palm – south-east (Owerri, Calabar); cotton – north (Zaria, Funtua, Gombe); cocoa – south-west (Ibadan, Ondo, Ife); rain forest belt; Guinea/Sudan savanna belt
(b) Cocoa: earns foreign exchange; raw material for beverages, chocolate, cosmetics (cocoa butter); employment for farmers and traders; revenue for government; development of towns and roads in the cocoa belt
(c) Pests and diseases (black pod, capsids, swollen shoot); old trees and low-yielding varieties; fluctuating world prices; ageing farmers and labour shortage; poor processing and storage
Choose one crop for (b) and (c).
(a) On an outline map of West Africa show and name: (i) two countries important for the production of rubber (ii) one important town in the rubber producing area in each country (iii) two countries important for the production of groundnuts (iv) one important town in the groundnut producing area in each country
(b) Describe the process of production of either rubber or groundnuts, in the country shown on your map
(c) Explain any three factors which hinder the large scale production of either rubber or groundnuts in West Africa.
(a) Rubber: Liberia (Harbel), Nigeria (Sapele/Benin); groundnuts: Nigeria (Kano), Senegal (Kaolack), also Gambia, Niger
(b) Rubber: seedlings raised in nurseries and planted in rows; trees mature in 6-7 years; tapping – a sloping cut in the bark early in the morning; latex drips into cups, collected and taken to the factory; mixed with acid to coagulate; rolled into sheets, dried/smoked and graded for export (or concentrated latex)
(Groundnuts: planted at start of rains on ridges, weeded, harvested after 3-4 months, dried, shelled, bagged and sent to buying points/pyramids, crushed for oil)
(c) Rubber: long maturity period and high capital cost; shortage of labour for daily tapping; competition from synthetic rubber and falling prices; pests and diseases; old low-yielding trees; poor processing
Keep (b) and (c) to the same crop.
(a) On an outline map of Africa show and name (i) three countries notable for lumbering (ii) one town in each country important for saw milling (iii) one seaport in each country important for the export of timber and lumber products
(b) Explain any three ways in which lumbering is of importance to West African countries
(c) Discuss any three problems resulting from the exploitation of timber resources in West Africa.
(a) e.g. Nigeria (Sapele – Warri/Lagos), Ghana (Kumasi – Takoradi), Côte d'Ivoire (Gagnoa – Abidjan); also Gabon (Port Gentil), Cameroun (Douala)
(b) Foreign exchange from timber exports; employment in felling, sawmills and transport; raw material for furniture, plywood, paper, building; fuel wood; government revenue; roads opened up in forest areas
(c) Deforestation and loss of valuable species; soil erosion and degradation; loss of wildlife habitat; climatic changes/desert encroachment; exhaustion of reserves without regeneration
Use real town and port names in (a).
Write a geographical account of fishing in Southern Africa under the following headings: (a) important fishing areas and fishing ports (b) Methods of fishing (c) Major types of fish caught (d) Preparation and marketing of fish (e) Importance to the economy.
(a) Cold Benguela current off the west coast of South Africa and Namibia (rich plankton); fishing ports Walvis Bay, Lüderitz, Cape Town, Saldanha Bay, Port Elizabeth, East London; some inland fishing in rivers and lakes
(b) Modern trawlers and purse-seine nets; drift nets; lines; refrigerated vessels
(c) Pilchard (sardine), anchovy, hake, mackerel, snoek, rock lobster
(d) Fish cleaned, frozen or chilled, canned, dried or salted; processed into fish meal and fish oil; sold in local markets and exported
(e) Protein food; employment; foreign exchange; raw materials for fish meal, oil and canning industries; growth of ports
Explain why the cold current makes the west coast rich in fish.
Discuss the distinguishing characteristics of each of any three of the following (a) Plantation agriculture in East Africa (b) Irrigation farming in the Nile Valley (c) Pastoral nomadism in West Africa (d) Fruits farming in Southern Africa.
Any three:
Plantations (East Africa): large estates of one crop (tea, sisal, coffee, sugar); large capital, often foreign or state-owned; hired labour; scientific methods, fertilisers; processing on the estate; produce for export
Nile irrigation: water from the Nile through dams, barrages and canals; basin and perennial irrigation, shaduf/sakia; intensive farming of small plots; 2-3 crops a year (cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane)
Pastoral nomadism (West Africa): Fulani herders move cattle seasonally in search of water and pasture (north in rains, south in dry season); large herds as wealth; little use of veterinary care; temporary dwellings; conflict with farmers
Fruit farming (South Africa): Mediterranean climate of the SW Cape; grapes, citrus, apples, pears; irrigation; large modern farms; packing and canning; export through Cape Town
Give the distinguishing features, not just a definition.
Write a geographical account of petroleum mining in North Africa under the following headings: (a) Major areas (b) Methods of mining (c) Transportation (d) Importance to the economy
(a) Libya (Sirte basin – Zelten, Dahra; terminals Es Sider, Marsa el Brega); Algeria (Hassi Messaoud, Edjeleh); Egypt (Gulf of Suez, Western Desert); Tunisia (El Borma)
(b) Survey (seismic) to locate oil-bearing structures; drilling with a derrick/rig; oil flows by natural pressure or is pumped; valves (Christmas tree) control flow; separation of gas and water
(c) Pipelines from desert fields to coastal terminals and refineries; tankers to Europe; some by road tankers
(d) Main source of foreign exchange and government revenue; employment; raw material for refineries and petrochemicals; fuel and power; funds for development projects (roads, schools, irrigation); growth of towns and ports
Name real fields and terminals.
(a) State three reasons to show that the earth is spherical
(b) Describe three effects of the revolution of the earth
(c) Calculate the noon altitude of the sun at the Tropic of Capricorn on June 21
(a) Any three: circumnavigation of the earth; circular shadow of the earth on the moon during a lunar eclipse; ship's hull disappears before its mast over the horizon; sunrise/sunset at different times east to west; horizon is circular and widens with height; photographs from space
(b) Seasons; changing length of day and night; changing altitude of the midday sun (overhead sun moves between the tropics); midnight sun/polar night; shifting of wind and pressure belts
(c) On 21 June the sun is overhead at 23½°N; angular distance to 23½°S = 47°; noon altitude = 90° − 47° = 43°
Noon altitude = 90° − (angle between the place and the latitude where the sun is overhead).
(a) What are the similarities and differences between the lines of latitude and longitude?
(b) An international cricket match between The Gambia and India is scheduled to start in Banjul (longitude 16°W) at 9.00a.m local time on 26th June. Calculate the time and day that listeners will have to tune to their radios for the start of the commentary at (i) Bombay (74°E) (ii) Pitsburg (89°W).
(a) Similarities: both imaginary lines; both measured in degrees; together they locate places (grid)
Differences: latitude – parallels running east-west, 0-90° N/S, all parallel, lengths decrease towards the poles, used for distance/climate zones; longitude – meridians running north-south, 0-180° E/W, meet at the poles, all equal length, used for time
(b)(i) Bombay: 74 + 16 = 90°; 90 ÷ 15 = 6 h; east, so add: 9.00 a.m. + 6 h = 3.00 p.m., 26th June
(ii) Pitsburg: 89 − 16 = 73°; 73 × 4 min = 292 min = 4 h 52 min; west, so subtract: 9.00 a.m. − 4 h 52 min = 4.08 a.m., 26th June
Add time going east, subtract going west; 1° = 4 minutes.
(a) Describe the characteristics of any two of the following types of landforms (i) delta (ii) atoll (iii) caldera
(b) Explain with the aid of diagrams the mode of formation of each of the landforms you have chosen
Any two:
Delta – (a) low, flat, fan/triangular plain of alluvium at a river mouth; river splits into distributaries; swamps, lagoons, sandbars; (b) river slows on entering a calm, shallow sea and deposits its load; needs heavy load, tideless/sheltered coast, no strong currents; layers build seaward (diagram)
Atoll – (a) ring-shaped coral reef enclosing a lagoon, low islands on the reef; (b) coral grows round a volcanic island in warm, clear, shallow sea; island subsides or sea level rises while coral grows upward, leaving a ring reef (fringing → barrier → atoll diagrams)
Caldera – (a) very large basin-shaped depression at the top of a volcano with steep walls, often holding a crater lake; (b) violent explosion blows off the top of the cone, or the summit collapses into the emptied magma chamber (diagram)
Each formation needs a labelled diagram.
Study the climatic table below and use it to answer the questions that follow
Station X: Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
Temp °C: 21 21 20 17 15 13 13 13 14 16 18 20
Temp °F: 70 70 68 63 59 56 55 56 58 61 64 68
Precipitation (mm): 18 15 23 48 97 114 94 86 58 41 28 20
Precipitation (inches): 0.7 0.6 0.9 1.9 3.8 4.5 3.7 3.4 2.3 1.6 1.1 0.8
(a)(i) What is the annual range of temperature for the station? (ii) What is the annual rainfall?
(b) Give a brief description of the distribution of rainfall at the station
(c) Suggest, giving reasons, the type of climate that is represented by the climate table
(d)(i) Name the type of natural vegetation that is likely to be found around the station (ii) Describe briefly the main characteristics of the vegetation
(a)(i) 21 − 13 = 8°C (70 − 55 = 15°F) (ii) 642 mm (about 25.3 inches)
(b) Most rain falls in May-August (the cool season), peak in June (114 mm); the warm months December-March are dry (under 25 mm)
(c) Mediterranean (warm temperate western margin) climate of the southern hemisphere, e.g. Cape Town/Perth: hottest months are December-February, so it is south of the equator; rain comes in winter, summers are dry; mild winter (13°C) and warm summer (21°C); moderate annual rainfall
(d)(i) Mediterranean evergreen woodland and scrub (maquis/chaparral)
(ii) Evergreen trees and shrubs; small, thick, waxy or leathery leaves; thick bark and long roots to survive dry summers; trees are short and widely spaced (cork oak, olive, eucalyptus); scrub and aromatic bushes
Rain in the cool months and a dry hot season mean Mediterranean climate.
(a) Name three types of mountains and give a good example of each
(b) Describe the process of formation of any type of mountains
(c) In what four ways are mountains of great importance to man?
(a) Fold mountains – Himalayas, Alps, Atlas; block (horst) mountains – Vosges, Black Forest, Ruwenzori; volcanic mountains – Kilimanjaro, Cameroon Mountain, Fuji; residual mountains – Highlands of Scotland, Jos Plateau
(b) Fold mountains: sediments accumulate in a geosyncline; compressional (lateral) forces from moving plates squeeze the layers; rocks buckle into upfolds (anticlines) and downfolds (synclines); further pressure gives overfolds, recumbent folds and nappes; the folded belt is uplifted
(c) Cause relief rainfall; source of rivers for water and HEP; minerals; tourism and recreation; cool climate for settlement and crops (tea) and grazing; forests and timber; natural defence and boundaries
Explain the forces at work, step by step.
(a)(i) Name two distinct types of soil erosion (ii) Locate an area where each type is most common
(b) Outline any three factors that have been responsible for any one of the types of soil erosion named above
(c) Describe any three measures being taken to solve the problem of soil erosion in any one of the areas.
(a)(i) Water erosion (sheet, rill, gully) and wind erosion (ii) Gully erosion – south-eastern Nigeria (Agulu-Nanka, Anambra/Imo); wind erosion – the far north (Sokoto, Borno), Sahel
(b) Gully (water) erosion: heavy, intense rainfall; steep slopes; loose sandy soils (e.g. on the Nanka sands); deforestation and farming on slopes; overpopulation and road building
(c) Afforestation and planting of grass/cover crops; contour ploughing and ridging; terracing; building drainage channels and check dams; strip cropping; government erosion-control projects
Keep (b) and (c) to the same type of erosion.