Theory question 102
Support and Movement(a) List four functions of the mammalian skeleton and name a particular part of the skeleton which performs each of these functions
(b) Briefly describe how muscles and bones bring about movement at the elbow
(c) How is support provided for in each of the following plants? (i) Herbaceous plants (ii) Woody plants
(d) Name one vitamin and one mineral element necessary for healthy development of bones
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(a) Any four, each with a part: support/shape – vertebral column, pelvic girdle; protection – skull protects brain, ribcage protects heart and lungs, vertebrae protect spinal cord; movement/locomotion – limb bones at joints; making blood cells – red marrow of long bones, ribs, sternum; storage of calcium and phosphorus – bone matrix; breathing – ribs; attachment of muscles – any limb bone.
(b) The elbow is a hinge joint moved by two antagonistic muscles.
The biceps is attached to the scapula and radius; the triceps to the scapula (and humerus) and ulna.
Biceps contracts and triceps relaxes: the forearm bends (flexion).
Triceps contracts and biceps relaxes: the forearm straightens (extension).
(c)(i) Herbaceous: turgid parenchyma cells full of water; collenchyma with walls thickened at the corners; xylem vessels.
(ii) Woody: lignified xylem (wood); sclerenchyma fibres; secondary thickening that forms much wood and bark.
(d) Vitamin D (calciferol); calcium or phosphorus.
Name the part for each function in (a).