Theory question 105
Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals(a) State four functions of carbohydrates in farm animals. (b) List four organs associated with respiration in farm animals. (c) Mention two diseases that affect the respiratory system of farm animals (d) Define the following terms as used in animal physiology: (i) exhalation; (ii) inhalation; (iii) peristalsis; (iv) ovulation; (v) rumination.
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(a) Any four: supply energy; produce body heat/keep body warm; stored as fat for later energy; spare protein for growth; fibre aids digestion/gut movement; milk sugar (lactose) and milk fat production
(b) Any four: nostrils/nose; pharynx; larynx; trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; lungs/alveoli; diaphragm; air sacs (poultry)
(c) Any two: pneumonia; tuberculosis; contagious bovine pleuropneumonia; chronic respiratory disease (poultry); Newcastle disease; aspergillosis; peste des petits ruminants
(d)(i) Exhalation: breathing out, the movement of air carrying carbon dioxide out of the lungs
(ii) Inhalation: breathing in, drawing air rich in oxygen into the lungs
(iii) Peristalsis: wave-like contractions of the gut wall muscles that push food along the alimentary canal
(iv) Ovulation: release of a mature egg (ovum) from the ovary
(v) Rumination: chewing the cud, bringing swallowed food back to the mouth to chew it again (in ruminants)
Give a one-sentence definition for each term in (d).