61 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
Study the map of IKOBI DISTRICT to answer this question. The drainage pattern on the map is
Answer: C (radial.)
Streams flow outwards in different directions from the central high ground, giving a radial pattern.
Study the map of IKOBI DISTRICT to answer this question. The area on the map where many rivers took their source is a
Answer: B (watershed.)
The high ridge from which streams flow away on both sides is a watershed.
Study the map of IKOBI DISTRICT to answer this question. In which part of the map could a sawmill industry be sited?
Answer: D (South West.)
A sawmill should be near the forest, which covers the western and south-western part of the map.
Study the map of IKOBI DISTRICT to answer this question. Which of the following is the most important town in the mapped area?
Answer: B (IKOBI)
IKOBI is the largest built-up area and has a market, court and school, and several roads meet there.
Study the map of IKOBI DISTRICT to answer this question. IKOBI is an example of a
Answer: B (nucleated settlement.)
IKOBI's buildings are clustered in one compact built-up area.
Study the map of IKOBI DISTRICT to answer this question. The likely occupation of the inhabitants of Tang is
Answer: A (farming.)
Tang is surrounded by scattered cultivation.
Which of the following is a satellite of the Earth?
Answer: A (Moon)
The moon revolves round the earth; it is the earth's natural satellite.
Mid latitude regions are found between
Answer: B (latitudes 30° and 45° north and south.)
The mid-latitudes lie between the tropics and the polar regions in both hemispheres.
The outer layer of the solid earth is called the
Answer: C (crust.)
The crust is the thin rocky outer layer of the earth.
Which of the following is an evidence to show that the earth is spherical in shape? The
Answer: B (Earth's curved horizon)
The horizon always appears as a curve (a circle from high places), which only happens on a sphere.
Which of the following is an igneous rock?
Answer: B (Granite)
Granite forms from magma cooling slowly underground.
Bedding plane is a characteristic of
Answer: A (sedimentary rocks.)
Sedimentary rocks are laid down in layers separated by bedding planes.
Which of the following landforms may occur when large scale horizontal earth movements and stresses are set up in the earth's crust?
Answer: B (Fold mountains)
Horizontal compression squeezes rock layers into folds, forming fold mountains.
Mechanical weathering due to changes in temperature occurs mainly in
Answer: B (desert regions.)
Deserts have very hot days and cold nights, so rocks expand and contract and break up.
The process by which rocks are broken down and not transported is termed
Answer: C (weathering.)
Weathering breaks rocks down where they lie; erosion involves removal.
The wearing away of the sides and bottom of a river channel is called
Answer: C (corrasion.)
Corrasion (abrasion) is the scraping of the bed and banks by the load the river carries.
Wind erosion is most common in
Answer: A (arid areas.)
Dry, loose material and little vegetation make arid areas most open to wind erosion.
A piece of land almost surrounded by water is called
Answer: B (peninsula.)
A peninsula has water on almost all sides; an island is completely surrounded.
Which of the following pairs are associated with the upper course of a river? I. Deltas II. Gorges III. Meanders IV. Rapids
Answer: D (II and IV)
Fast downward erosion in the upper course forms gorges and rapids; deltas and meanders belong to the lower and middle courses.
Steep sided, and often dry valleys in the desert are called
Answer: A (wadis.)
Wadis are desert valleys carved by occasional floods and usually dry.
To obtain the climate of a place the average atmospheric weather conditions should be considered for about
Answer: B (35 years.)
Climate is the average weather over a long period, usually given as about 30-35 years.
Isotherms are lines drawn on maps joining places having equal
Answer: D (temperature.)
Isotherms join places of equal temperature.
The difference between the temperatures of the hottest and coldest months of a place is the
Answer: C (annual range of temperature.)
Hottest month minus coldest month gives the annual range of temperature.
Precipitation includes all the following except
Answer: A (dust.)
Precipitation is moisture from the air; dust is not water.
Convectional rains are typical of
Answer: D (Equatorial areas.)
Strong daily heating in equatorial areas gives afternoon convectional rain.
The environmental lapse rate is a decrease of temperature by
Answer: A (6.5 °C for every 1,000 metres of ascent.)
Temperature falls by about 6.5°C for every 1,000 m rise in height.
Which of the following statements is true of winds?
Answer: C (They blow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.)
Air moves from high pressure towards low pressure.
A vertical section of soil through all its horizons is called
Answer: D (soil profile.)
A soil profile shows all the horizons from the surface to the parent rock.
Leaching of soil means
Answer: C (washing of nutrients down from the upper layers of the soil.)
Water seeping down dissolves nutrients and carries them out of the topsoil.
Which of these methods will best help to check wind erosion?
Answer: A (Re-afforestation and planting of trees as wind break)
Trees and windbreaks slow the wind and hold the soil.
Which of the following are the most valuable products of Equatorial forest?
Answer: B (Cocoa, rubber, oil palm)
Cocoa, rubber and oil palm are the chief cash crops of equatorial lands.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Rainforest?
Answer: B (It has deciduous trees and aerial roots.)
Rainforest trees are evergreen, not deciduous.
Trees are deciduous when they
Answer: C (generally shed their leaves during one season of the year.)
Deciduous trees shed their leaves in one season (dry season or winter).
The Mediterranean vegetation is described as xerophytic vegetation because it is
Answer: D (drought resistant.)
Xerophytes are plants adapted to survive long dry periods, like the Mediterranean dry summer.
The major difference between a nucleated settlement and a dispersed settlement is that a nucleated settlement
Answer: B (has buildings clustered together.)
Nucleated means the buildings are grouped close together round a centre.
Which of the following best describes high population growth?
Answer: D (The birth rate is higher than the death rate.)
Population grows when births are more than deaths.
The low population density in the Middle Belt of West Africa resulted from all the following except
Answer: D (inadequacy of food in the area.)
The Middle Belt produces plenty of food (yams, grains); its low density is linked to tsetse, past slave raids, poor infrastructure and few industries.
The busiest ocean trade route is the
Answer: C (North Atlantic route.)
The North Atlantic route links the industrial regions of Europe and North America.
Which of the following industries is best located near the source of raw material?
Answer: C (Sugar refining)
Sugar cane is bulky, perishable and loses much weight in processing, so mills are built near the plantations.
A ginnery is a place where cotton is
Answer: C (processed to take out the seed.)
Ginning separates the cotton lint from the seeds.
One major advantage of plantation agriculture in East Africa is that it
Answer: C (provides regular supply of raw materials.)
Large estates supply raw materials such as tea and sisal regularly to factories.
Which of the following is not associated with human intervention?
Answer: C (Rainfall)
Rainfall is a natural process; the others are human activities.
Use the map of Africa (marked F, X, O, Y and B) to answer this question. The town marked B is
Answer: B (Cape town.)
B is at the south-western tip of Africa: Cape Town.
Use the map of Africa (marked F, X, O, Y and B) to answer this question. The river marked O is the
Answer: D (Congo.)
O is on the river crossing the Equator in west-central Africa: the Congo.
Use the map of Africa (marked F, X, O, Y and B) to answer this question. The area shaded and marked X is the
Answer: A (Red Sea.)
X is the long narrow sea between north-east Africa and Arabia: the Red Sea.
Use the map of Africa (marked F, X, O, Y and B) to answer this question. The letter Y on the map represents
Answer: C (Johannesburg.)
Y is inland in north-eastern South Africa, where Johannesburg lies.
(a) Highlight any four differences between urban and rural settlements (b) Outline any four favourable conditions for the growth of settlements
(a) Urban: large population, rural: small; urban: mainly secondary and tertiary jobs, rural: mainly primary (farming, fishing, lumbering); urban: many amenities (pipe-borne water, electricity, hospitals), rural: few; urban: dense, tall buildings with planned layout, rural: scattered simple buildings; urban: heterogeneous people, rural: homogeneous; urban: has a central business district; urban: higher cost of living, crime and pollution.
(b) Good water supply; fertile land; gentle, well-drained relief; good climate; security/defence sites; nodal location on routes; mineral resources; harbours and coastal sites; government policy (capital); availability of social amenities.
Set out the differences in pairs.
(a) State three advantages and two disadvantages of air transportation. (b) Highlight five roles of road transportation in the promotion of economic development.
(a) Advantages: fastest means of transport; crosses mountains, seas and forests; good for perishable, light and valuable goods and mail; useful in emergencies; links distant countries; comfortable.
Disadvantages: very expensive (fares, aircraft, airports); carries limited loads, unsuitable for bulky goods; affected by bad weather; accidents are usually fatal; needs highly skilled staff; noise pollution.
(b) Moves goods and people; links rural producing areas to markets and towns; opens up new areas for development; provides employment (drivers, mechanics, traders); door-to-door service; feeds other modes (ports, railways, airports); promotes trade and national integration; government revenue (licences, tolls); encourages tourism.
Give exactly the numbers asked for.
(a) Draw a sketch map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name: (i) a delta; (ii) a man-made lake; (iii) a confluence town; (iv) the Jos Plateau. (b) Outline any three physical factors that limit the use of rivers for transportation in Nigeria. (c) Highlight three possible solutions to the limiting factors mentioned in 4(b) above.
(a) Map: Niger Delta (south); Kainji Lake on the Niger (west), or Shiroro/Jebba; Lokoja at the Niger-Benue confluence; Jos Plateau (centre).
(b) Seasonal changes in volume (low water in the dry season); rapids, waterfalls and rocky outcrops; sandbars and silting; shallow and winding channels; water weeds (water hyacinth); floods; many rivers flow north-south, not across the country.
(c) Dredging and channelisation; building dams and locks to regulate flow; clearing weeds; removing rocks/blasting rapids; building canals and river ports; afforestation to reduce silting.
Match each solution to a problem.
(a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name: (i) Abuja; (ii) three savanna vegetation belts. (b) State four ways in which the forest vegetation of Nigeria contributes to her economy. (c) Highlight any two problems that hinder the exploitation of forest vegetation in Nigeria.
(a) Map: Abuja in the centre; Guinea savanna (middle belt), Sudan savanna (north), Sahel savanna (far north-east/north); key.
(b) Timber for building, furniture and export; raw materials for industries (plywood, paper, matches); fuelwood and charcoal; employment (lumbering, sawmills, forest guards); foreign exchange; food, medicinal plants and game; tourism; protects soil and climate.
(c) Scattered trees of one species; heavy hardwoods; dense undergrowth and poor access roads; swampy ground; lack of capital and modern equipment; deforestation and illegal felling; tropical diseases and heavy rain.
Show the savanna belts in the right order north-south.
(a) Highlight five problems of development of the Cross River Basin. (b) In what five ways can these problems be solved?
(a) Heavy rainfall causing floods and soil erosion (gullies); swampy and waterlogged land; poor roads and bridges; dense forest hard to clear; poor soils (leached, acidic) in places; tsetse and other diseases; inadequate capital and industries; poor social amenities; youth unemployment and migration; border problems.
(b) Flood and erosion control (dams, drainage, afforestation); build roads and bridges; River Basin Development Authority projects (irrigation, fishing); provide amenities (electricity, schools, hospitals); establish industries using local resources; credit and modern inputs to farmers; tourism development (Obudu); disease control.
Pair solutions with the problems you gave.
(a) Draw a map of West Africa. On it, show and name: (i) one French-speaking country; (ii) one English-speaking country; (iii) the capitals of the countries shown in 7(a)(i) and (ii) above. (b) State three objectives of the Economic Community of West African States. (c) Highlight three problems hindering the achievement of the objectives of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
(a) Map of West Africa with e.g. Togo (Lomé) or Senegal (Dakar) or Niger (Niamey) as French-speaking; Nigeria (Abuja) or Ghana (Accra) as English-speaking.
(b) Promote economic co-operation and integration; promote trade among member states (remove tariffs); free movement of people, goods and services; joint development of transport and communication; common currency; raise living standards; maintain peace and security.
(c) Similar primary products (little to trade); language and currency differences; political instability and coups; fear of domination by big members (Nigeria); loyalty to former colonial powers and other blocs; non-payment of dues; poor transport links; smuggling and border closures; differing political ideologies.
Name the capitals correctly.
(a) Draw an outline map of Africa. On the map, locate and name: (i) longitudes 0° and 20°E; latitudes 0° and 35°S; the Atlas Mountains; (ii) one man-made lake along the river Nile. (b) Explain five ways in which African rivers are important
(a) Map: longitude 0° through Ghana and Algeria; 20°E through Libya, Chad, DR Congo and near Cape Agulhas; Equator (0°) through Gabon, Congo, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia; 35°S just south of the Cape; Atlas Mountains in north-west Africa; Lake Nasser (Aswan) on the Nile in Egypt/Sudan (or Sennar reservoir).
(b) Hydro-electric power (Kainji, Akosombo, Aswan, Kariba); irrigation (Gezira, Nile valley, Office du Niger); transport (Congo, Niger); fishing and food; domestic and industrial water; fertile floodplains; tourism (Victoria Falls); boundaries; ports along rivers.
Label every line with its value.
Describe lumbering in Zaire under the following headings: (a) favourable factors; (b) problems of exploitation; (c) contribution to the economy.
(a) Large area of equatorial rainforest in the Congo basin; valuable hardwoods (mahogany, limba, ebony, sapele); hot wet climate for fast growth; River Congo and tributaries to float logs; roads and ports (Matadi, Boma); cheap labour; local and foreign demand; foreign investment and concessions.
(b) Trees of one species are scattered; dense forest and swamps make access hard; hardwoods are heavy and many sink; rapids and falls on rivers; poor roads and long distances to the coast; inadequate capital; tropical diseases; political instability; depletion of forests.
(c) Government revenue; foreign exchange; employment (lumberjacks, sawmills); raw materials for sawmills, furniture, plywood and paper; timber for building, railways, bridges and boats; electric and telephone poles; growth of settlements.
Write points under all three headings.
Study the climatic data below and use it to answer the questions that follow.
Month: J, F, M, A, M, J, J, A, S, O, N, D
Temperature (°C): 21, 21, 20, 17, 15, 12, 12, 13, 14, 18, 18, 20
Rainfall (mm): 18, 17, 20, 39, 48, 90, 112, 90, 56, 47, 30, 25
(a) Calculate (i) the annual range of temperature; (ii) the mean annual temperature. (b) Use the climatic data to draw a combined rainfall and temperature graph for the station. (c) Identify the climatic type in (b) above.
(a)(i) Range = 21°C − 12°C = 9°C.
(ii) Mean = (21+21+20+17+15+12+12+13+14+18+18+20) ÷ 12 = 201 ÷ 12 = 16.75°C (about 16.8°C).
(b) Title; months on the horizontal axis; rainfall as bars on the left axis (mm, scale e.g. 1 cm = 20 mm); temperature as a smooth line on the right axis (°C); points plotted at mid-month; key.
(c) Mediterranean (warm temperate western margin) climate of the Southern Hemisphere: warm dry summer (Dec-Feb), cool wet winter (Jun-Aug), e.g. Cape Town.
Note the coolest months are June-July, so the station is south of the Equator.
(a) With the aid of diagram, describe the Greek system of climatic classification. (b) Identify three criticisms of the Greek system of climatic classification.
(a) The Greeks divided the earth into three zones by temperature (sun's angle/latitude): Torrid zone between the tropics (23½°N-23½°S), always hot; Temperate zones between the tropics and the polar circles (23½°-66½°) in each hemisphere, moderate; Frigid zones from the polar circles (66½°) to the poles, always cold. Diagram of a globe with the five belts labelled.
(b) Based on temperature only, ignoring rainfall, pressure, winds and humidity; does not give figures (not quantitative); ignores the effect of altitude, ocean currents, continentality and relief (e.g. cold highlands in the tropics); too broad, very different climates fall in one zone; the torrid zone is not uninhabitable as they believed; boundaries rigid.
Draw the zones on a circle with latitudes.
(a) Name any four planets in the solar system. (b) With the aid of appropriate diagrams, explain three proofs to show that the earth is spherical in shape.
(a) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
(b) Ship's visibility: an approaching ship shows its mast/smoke first and the hull last (diagram of curved sea surface); circular horizon that widens with height; circumnavigation: travelling continuously in one direction brings one back to the starting point (Magellan); lunar eclipse: the earth's shadow on the moon is always circular; sunrise and sunset happen at different times at different longitudes; photographs from space; other planets are spherical. Diagrams for each.
Each proof needs its own simple diagram.
(a) With the aid of a diagram, describe the following: (i) sea breeze; (ii) land breeze. (b) State two factors that influence the salinity of oceans.
(a)(i) Sea breeze: by day the land heats faster than the sea; air over the land rises, giving low pressure; cooler air over the sea has higher pressure; cool air blows from sea to land in the afternoon; the rising air returns seawards aloft. Diagram with arrows, H over sea, L over land, sun.
(ii) Land breeze: at night the land cools faster than the sea; higher pressure over land, lower over the warmer sea; air blows from land to sea at night/early morning; warm air rises over the sea. Diagram with arrows reversed.
(b) Rate of evaporation (temperature, wind, humidity); amount of fresh water from rivers, rain and melting ice; degree of mixing by currents; whether the sea is enclosed or open; size of the water body.
Show the direction of air flow with arrows on both diagrams.
(a) Define vulcanicity. (b) Describe the characteristics and mode of formation of any one of the following features: (i) dyke; (ii) composite cone. (c) In what three ways are volcanic rocks important to man?
(a) Vulcanicity is all the processes by which molten rock (magma), gases and other materials are forced into the earth's crust or onto the surface.
(b) Dyke: a vertical or steeply inclined wall-like sheet of igneous rock cutting across the bedding planes; magma forces its way up a vertical crack or joint and solidifies; often harder than surrounding rock so it stands out as a ridge when exposed; e.g. Cleveland Dyke (England), Great Dyke (Zimbabwe).
Composite cone: tall, symmetrical, steep-sided volcanic mountain made of alternate layers of ash/cinders and lava; built by repeated explosive and quiet eruptions; has a central vent and crater, may have secondary (parasitic) cones; e.g. Mount Cameroon, Kilimanjaro, Fuji, Vesuvius, Etna. Labelled diagram.
(c) Weather into fertile soils for farming; building and road stones (granite, basalt); source of minerals (diamonds, gold, tin, copper); tourist attractions; crater lakes for water; geothermal power; grinding stones.
Describe one feature only, with a diagram.
(a) List any four sources of water. (b) Describe any four ways in which water is useful as an environmental resource. (c) Highlight any three major problems resulting from water pollution.
(a) Rain, rivers and streams, lakes, springs, wells, boreholes, seas and oceans, reservoirs/dams, melting snow and glaciers.
(b) Domestic use (drinking, cooking, washing); irrigation for agriculture; generation of hydro-electric power; transport on rivers, lakes and seas; fishing and food; industrial use (cooling, processing); recreation and tourism; habitat for aquatic life; minerals (alluvial gold, salt).
(c) Death of fish and aquatic life; water-borne diseases (cholera, typhoid); shortage of clean drinking water; rapid growth of water weeds blocking waterways; loss of fishing jobs and recreation; unpleasant smell; ecological imbalance.
Explain each use, not just name it.
(a) Name any four natural hazards. (b) Highlight any three effects of air pollution on man. (c) In what three ways can air pollution be controlled?
(a) Flood, drought, earthquake, volcanic eruption, hurricane/tornado, landslide, tsunami, thunderstorm/lightning, desert encroachment.
(b) Respiratory diseases (asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer); eye and skin irritation; ozone layer depletion leading to skin cancer; acid rain damaging crops, buildings and water; global warming; poor visibility causing road and air accidents; discomfort and bad smell.
(c) Laws against harmful emissions; treat factory fumes (filters, scrubbers); use clean energy (solar, wind); stop gas flaring and bush burning; maintain vehicles and ban smoky ones; locate industries away from homes; afforestation; recycling instead of burning waste.
Keep (a) to natural hazards only.