WAEC Animal Husbandry 2018 past questions and answers

Lactose is milk sugar.

Disease-causing micro-organisms are pathogens.

A burdizzo is a clamp used for bloodless castration; diluents, glycine and liquid nitrogen are used to extend, protect and store semen.

The curved blade is a sickle, used mainly to cut grass and forage.

A castrated bull is a bullock; a barrow is a castrated boar and a capon a castrated cockerel.

AI needs trained staff and special equipment; the other options are advantages.

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy; building and repairing tissues is the job of protein.

Mastitis is caused by bacteria entering the udder; the others are digestive or nutritional disorders.

I points to the whiskers on the face, II to the ear and III to the rump at the back.

Cotton seed contains gossypol, which is poisonous to pigs and poultry.

Bringing an animal from another country or region is introduction.

Semen can be collected from the lame bull and used for AI, so it does not need to mount the cow.

Calopogonium is a legume that fixes nitrogen, enriching the soil.

Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is tall with cane-like stems.

Overgrazing removes the plants faster than they can regrow and exposes the soil.

Where pastures grow depends on climate, soil and topography, not on the kind of animal.

CBPP attacks the lungs and pleura, causing difficult, painful breathing and coughing.

Centrosema is a creeping legume that covers the ground, reducing evaporation.

I is the bladder worm (cysticercus) in the pig's muscle; II is the scolex turned out, ready to attach in the human gut.

Cattle take in feed (ingestion) and bring it back up to chew the cud (regurgitation); coprophagy (eating own droppings) is done by rabbits.

Thorough cooking kills the bladder worms in the meat, breaking the life cycle.

Diarrhoea is a common sign of infections such as coccidiosis and Newcastle disease; the others are vices or nutritional problems.

Sick birds are dull and stand apart from the flock.

Progeny means offspring; parents are judged by how their offspring perform.

Pests and diseases and the land tenure system hold back livestock farming; there is no overpopulation of farmers.

II is the horn; dehorned animals take less space at the trough and in transport and cannot injure each other.

Flushing (extra feed before mating) makes the female release more eggs.

A sow's gestation is about 114–116 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days); counting from 7th July gives about the end of October.

Separating sick animals stops them passing the disease to healthy ones; vaccines are given to healthy animals.

Feeding and vaccination are routine; slaughtering happens only at the end of production.

I is the crop, a pouch where food is stored and softened.

III is the gizzard, a muscular organ that grinds food with grit.

Enzymes are secreted by the proventriculus (II) and the intestine (IV); the crop (I) and gizzard (III) only store and grind.

The semen is passed through a thin tube called an insemination catheter (pipette).

Birds have a cloaca; the pig's gut ends with the rectum and anus.

Ketosis is a nutritional (metabolic) disorder from energy shortage; the others are bacterial diseases.

The doe pulls fur and makes a nest a few days before kindling (giving birth).

A wholesaler buys and sells in bulk to retailers.

(a) Ration: the total quantity of feed given to an animal in 24 hours
(b)(i) Physiological status: pregnant, lactating, sick or recovering animals need more or special nutrients, so feeds are formulated for their condition
(ii) Age: young growing animals need feed higher in protein and easier to digest; older animals mainly need maintenance feed
(iii) Purpose of production: layers need more calcium, broilers more energy and protein, dairy animals more protein for milk, work animals more energy
(iv) Availability of ingredients: decides which ingredients are used, how much feed can be made and its cost
(c) Palm kernels are collected (after cracking the nuts) and dried; kernels are roasted/heated; crushed or ground; the ground kernels are pressed (or solvent extracted) to remove the oil; the residue left is the palm kernel cake, which is dried and bagged
(d) Any two: starter is fed from day-old to about 4 weeks, finisher from about 4 weeks to market; starter is higher in protein (about 22–24%), finisher lower (about 19–20%) and higher in energy; starter has finer particles than finisher

In (d) compare the same feature for both feeds.

(a)(i) Breeding: poor local breeds with low yield; few improved breeds available; exotic breeds do not adapt well; lack of breeding skills and facilities such as AI
(ii) Nutrition: poor quality natural pastures; forage scarce in the dry season; high cost of concentrates; competition between man and animals for grains
(iii) Healthcare: high incidence of diseases and parasites; few veterinary services; high cost of drugs and vaccines; poor sanitation
(iv) Government policy: low funding of the livestock sector; unstable or poorly implemented policies; high taxes on inputs; uncontrolled importation of animal products
(v) Finance: difficulty getting loans; high interest rates; lack of collateral; insufficient capital
(b) Any five: climate (rainfall, temperature, sunlight); soil fertility; species of grasses and legumes used; grazing management/stocking rate; weeds; pests and diseases; fire/burning; topography

Three separate points under each factor.

(a)(i) Bull, any four: testes; scrotum; epididymis; vas deferens; seminal vesicle; prostate gland; Cowper's gland; urethra; penis
(ii) Hen, any four: ovary; infundibulum (funnel); magnum; isthmus; uterus (shell gland); vagina; cloaca
(b) Testis: produces sperm and testosterone; scrotum: holds testes and keeps them cooler than the body; epididymis: stores and matures sperm; vas deferens: carries sperm to the urethra; seminal vesicle/prostate/Cowper's gland: produce seminal fluid; urethra: passes semen and urine; penis: deposits semen in the female
Ovary: produces yolks (ova) and hormones; infundibulum: picks up the yolk and is where fertilization occurs; magnum: adds the albumen; isthmus: adds shell membranes; uterus/shell gland: forms the shell; vagina: holds the egg and pushes it out; cloaca: egg passes out through it
(c) The cassava is taken in and chewed by the teeth into smaller pieces (mechanical digestion); it is mixed with saliva which moistens and lubricates it; salivary amylase (ptyalin) begins to break the starch into maltose; the chewed food is rolled into a bolus by the tongue and swallowed into the oesophagus

Match each function in (b) to the part you named in (a).

(a)(i) Any five: comb; beak; wattle; eye; ear lobe; hackle (neck feathers); wing; breast; saddle; tail/sickle feathers; shank; spur; toes/claws
(ii) Any three: Newcastle disease; fowl pox; Gumboro (infectious bursal disease); Marek's disease; avian influenza; infectious bronchitis
(b) Any five: dullness and isolation from others; loss of appetite; rough/dull coat or ruffled feathers; abnormal temperature; abnormal dung (diarrhoea, blood); discharge from eyes or nose; coughing/difficult breathing; loss of weight; drop in production; lameness
(c)(i) Drenching: giving liquid medicine (e.g. dewormer) to an animal by mouth
(ii) Dipping: immersing animals in a tank of chemical solution (acaricide) to kill external parasites such as ticks and lice
(d) Any three: digestive; respiratory; circulatory; reproductive; excretory; nervous; skeletal; muscular; endocrine

Short lists; one-line definitions in (c).

(a) Any five (goat vs chicken): has teeth and dental pad vs beak, no teeth; no crop vs crop; four-chambered stomach vs proventriculus and gizzard; chews the cud vs does not ruminate; microbial digestion of fibre in rumen vs little fibre digestion; one caecum vs two caeca; ends in anus vs ends in cloaca; long intestine vs relatively short intestine
(b)(i) Rumination: bringing partly digested food (cud) from the rumen back to the mouth to be chewed again and re-swallowed
(ii) Coprophagy: eating of its own soft faeces (as in rabbits) to re-digest them and obtain B vitamins and protein made by gut microbes
(c)(i) Creep feeding: giving extra feed to suckling young so they grow faster and get used to solid feed before weaning
(ii) Steaming-up: extra feeding of a pregnant female near the end of pregnancy for good foetal growth, good birth weight and milk production
(iii) Flushing: extra feeding of females before mating to make them ovulate more eggs and increase litter size
(d)(i) Any four: source of cheap feed for livestock; habitat for wildlife; protects soil from erosion; source of fuelwood, medicinal plants and thatch; recreation/tourism
(ii) Any four: reseeding; fertilizer application; rotational grazing; weed control; controlled burning; irrigation; liming

Answer every part; one reason for each practice in (c).

(a) Any five: producer/farmer; middlemen/assemblers; wholesalers; retailers; processors; transporters; cooperative societies; commodity boards; consumers
(b)(i) Pasteurization: heating milk to a set temperature (e.g. 63 °C for 30 minutes or 72 °C for 15 seconds) and cooling it quickly, to kill harmful micro-organisms without spoiling the milk
(ii) Any two: kills disease organisms (e.g. tuberculosis, brucellosis bacteria); makes milk keep longer; makes milk safe to drink
(iii) Any four: butter; cheese; yoghurt; ice cream; powdered milk; evaporated/condensed milk; cream; whey
(c) Any four: breed; age/lactation number; stage of lactation; feeding/nutrition; health (e.g. mastitis); water supply; climate/heat stress; milking frequency and method; season of calving
(d)(i) Starving empties the gut, making evisceration cleaner and reducing contamination of the meat (also gives better bleeding)
(ii) Any two: ante-mortem (veterinary) inspection; resting the animal; washing the animal; weighing; giving plenty of water

Give a precise definition of pasteurization with the purpose.