46 questions. Try each one, then open the answer to check yourself and read the explanation.
The true stomach of ruminants is called
Answer: A (abomasum.)
The abomasum is the only compartment that secretes gastric juice and digests food with enzymes, like the stomach of a non-ruminant.
In animal production, disease causing organisms are generally called
Answer: B (pathogens.)
Any organism that causes disease (virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan) is called a pathogen.
The introduction of semen into the reproductive tract of female farm animals without copulation is called
Answer: D (artificial insemination.)
In artificial insemination semen is collected from the male and placed in the female with an instrument, so no mating takes place.
Which of the following plants is a pasture legume?
Answer: C (Pueraria phaseoloides)
Pueraria phaseoloides (tropical kudzu) is a legume; the other three are grasses.
Pastures could be improved through
Answer: B (fertilizer application and irrigation.)
Fertilizer feeds the pasture plants and irrigation keeps them growing in the dry season; overgrazing and uncontrolled burning damage pasture.
Which of the following types of meat is obtained from sheep?
Answer: C (Mutton)
Mutton is sheep meat; beef is from cattle, chevon from goats and ham from pigs.
Rinderpest in cattle is caused by a
Answer: D (virus.)
Rinderpest (cattle plague) is a viral disease.
One of the symptoms of brucellosis in ewes is
Answer: A (abortion.)
Brucellosis is a bacterial disease best known for causing abortion in pregnant females.
A broiler consumed 6.0 kg of feed and gained 2.0 kg weight in six weeks. Determine the feed: gain ratio.
Answer: C (3:1)
Feed : gain = 6.0 kg : 2.0 kg = 3:1.
Which of the following structures is part of the small intestine of rabbits?
Answer: C (Ileum)
The small intestine is made up of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
Forages harvested before flowering and conserved are characterized by
Answer: B (high protein.)
Young, leafy forage cut before flowering is rich in protein; fibre rises as the plant matures.
The figure below represents the female genital system of a farm animal.
The part labelled III is called
Answer: C (uterus.)
Part III is the wide middle body between the two horns and the cervix: the uterus.
The figure below represents the female genital system of a farm animal.
Fertilization occurs in the part labelled
Answer: A (II.)
The egg meets the sperm in the fallopian tube (oviduct), labelled II.
The figure below represents the female genital system of a farm animal.
Which of the labelled parts produces hormones?
Answer: A (I)
Part I is the ovary, which produces oestrogen and progesterone as well as eggs.
Which of the following effects is associated with high temperature during brooding of chicks?
Answer: A (Low feed consumption)
When the brooder is too hot, chicks pant, drink a lot and eat less feed.
If 25 kg feed was consumed by 10,000 birds in six hours, determine the quantity of feed required by the same number of birds in one week?
Answer: D (700 kg)
One week = 168 hours = 28 lots of 6 hours, so feed = 25 kg × 28 = 700 kg.
One of the main reasons for providing light for broilers during production is to
Answer: B (increase feed intake.)
Light lets broilers see and eat at night, so they eat more and grow faster.
Which of the following birds is purposely raised for meat?
Answer: A (Broilers)
Broilers are bred and raised specifically for quick meat production.
Pasture crops are best used in preparing silage when they
Answer: D (are producing flowers.)
Forage for silage is cut at the flowering stage, when yield is high and the crop is still nutritious and not too fibrous.
Which of the following management systems of poultry production is least expensive?
Answer: D (Free range)
In the free-range system birds roam and find much of their own food, so little is spent on housing and feed.
A limitation to the effective use of artificial insemination in animal improvement is
Answer: B (inability to detect heat in female animals.)
Insemination must be done when the female is on heat; if heat is not detected, the timing is missed and AI fails.
Which of the following farm animals is most prolific?
Answer: C (Pig)
A sow can produce 8–12 or more piglets per litter, far more young than the others.
A castrated male sheep is called a
Answer: D (wether.)
A wether is a castrated ram; a bullock is a castrated bull and a capon a castrated cockerel.
A part of a tapeworm is illustrated below.
The part of the tapeworm illustrated is
Answer: D (scolex.)
The drawing shows the head of the tapeworm with hooks and suckers: the scolex.
A part of a tapeworm is illustrated below.
The part labelled III is the
Answer: D (sucker.)
The round cup-shaped structures on the sides of the scolex are suckers.
A part of a tapeworm is illustrated below.
Which of the labelled parts is used by the tapeworm to attach itself to the host?
Answer: C (II and III only)
The tapeworm holds onto the gut wall with its hooks (II) and suckers (III).
In farm animals, hormones are released into the
Answer: A (blood stream)
Endocrine glands have no ducts; they pour hormones straight into the blood, which carries them round the body.
Which of the following characteristics describes the external feature of sheep?
Answer: A (Convex face)
Sheep have a convex (Roman-nosed) face profile; goats have a concave or straight face, erect ears and a short, erect tail.
In poultry, nutrients are absorbed mainly in the
Answer: D (small intestine.)
Digestion is completed and most nutrients are absorbed through the villi of the small intestine.
A disadvantage of prolonged inbreeding in farm animals is that it leads to
Answer: A (reduced vigour among offspring.)
Mating close relatives for many generations brings out harmful recessive genes, giving weak, less vigorous offspring (inbreeding depression).
Which of the following factors affect the productivity of pasture? I. Soil fertility II. Climate III. Weeds
Answer: D (I, II and III)
Soil fertility, climate (rain, sunlight, temperature) and weeds (which compete with the forage) all affect how much a pasture produces.
If the oestrus cycle of a goat is 27 days, how many times will it come on heat in a year?
Answer: A (14 times)
365 ÷ 27 ≈ 13.5, so the goat comes on heat about 14 times a year.
Which of the following statements about ovulation in rabbits is correct?
Answer: D (Eggs are released in the presence of a buck)
The doe is an induced ovulator: she releases eggs after mating with a buck, not on a fixed cycle.
The endoparasite that creates sores in the liver and lungs of farm animals as it bores through them is
Answer: C (roundworm.)
Roundworm (Ascaris) larvae migrate through the liver and lungs, leaving damaged spots, before returning to the gut.
Which of the following farm animals is a monogastric?
Answer: B (Boar)
A boar (male pig) has a simple stomach; bullocks, heifers and wethers are ruminants.
Use the diagram below to answer the question.
Which of the labelled parts are used to determine a good layer?
Answer: C (I and III only)
A good layer has a large, bright red, moist comb (I) and wattle (III).
Use the diagram below to answer the question.
The part labelled III is the
Answer: D (wattle.)
III points to the fleshy flap hanging below the beak: the wattle.
The fundamental principles underlying animal breeding is based on
Answer: A (genetics.)
Animal breeding depends on how traits are inherited, which is genetics.
Which of the following diseases would directly affect milk production in cows?
Answer: A (Mastitis)
Mastitis is inflammation of the udder, so it directly reduces and spoils the milk.
Farm animals producing milk, egg and wool would require
Answer: D (production ration.)
A production ration supplies nutrients above maintenance needs for products such as milk, eggs and wool.
(a) State five management practices that are carried out daily on a livestock farm. (b) Mention five devices that could be used in restraining farm animals. (c) Name four structures used for housing livestock. (d) Outline the steps involved in branding cattle.
(a) Any five daily practices: feeding the animals; giving clean water; cleaning feeders and drinkers; cleaning the pens/removing dung; checking animals for sickness and isolating or treating sick ones; observing females for heat; milking lactating animals; collecting eggs (poultry); record keeping; checking fences/security
(b) Any five restraining devices: halter; rope/lasso; nose ring; crush (chute); cradle; muzzle; twitch; gag; bull holder; electric fence
(c) Any four housing structures: pigsty; hutch (rabbits); kraal/corral; shed/stall; poultry house/battery cage/deep-litter house; pen
(d) Steps in branding: decide on the brand mark/design and method (hot iron or freeze); heat the branding iron to the right temperature; restrain the animal and clip hair at the site; press the iron firmly on the chosen part for a few seconds; remove the iron; apply antiseptic to the burn; release the animal and watch the wound
List short, distinct points; for (d) give the steps in order.
(a) State five ways of improving pasture. (b) Name five organs of the digestive system of a rabbit. (c) State five precautions that should be taken in dipping of sheep.
(a) Any five: reseeding/introducing better grasses and legumes; applying fertilizer or manure; rotational/controlled grazing to avoid overgrazing; weed control; irrigation; controlled burning; liming; fallowing/resting the pasture; pest control
(b) Any five: mouth; oesophagus; stomach; small intestine (duodenum, ileum); caecum; large intestine/colon; rectum; anus; liver; pancreas
(c) Any five: follow the manufacturer's instructions on the dip chemical; give the sheep water before dipping so they do not drink the dip; make the dip deep enough to cover the whole body; immerse the head briefly but do not keep it under too long; stir the dip so the chemical does not settle; dip on a cool, dry day; do not dip sick, wounded, heavily pregnant ewes or very young lambs; dispose of used dip safely; wear protective clothing
Each list point should be a separate idea.
(a) Mention four parasites of farm animals. (b) Enumerate five ways in which the keeping of ruminants is important to the economy of your country. (c) List five management practices undertaken in cattle production. (d) State two ways in which each of the following management practices is important: (i) brooding; (ii) debeaking; (iii) culling.
(a) Any four: tapeworm; roundworm; liver fluke; tick; lice; mite; flea; trypanosome; coccidia
(b) Any five: source of meat and milk (protein); source of income and employment; hides and skins for leather industries; manure for crops; draught power/transport; foreign exchange from export of products; by-products such as bone meal, horns; cultural and religious uses (festivals, bride price)
(c) Any five: feeding/grazing; supply of water; castration; dehorning; identification (branding, ear tagging); deworming and dipping; vaccination; record keeping; weaning; culling; housing and sanitation
(d)(i) Brooding: keeps chicks warm since they cannot control body temperature; reduces chick deaths; makes feed and water easy to reach so chicks grow well
(ii) Debeaking: prevents cannibalism and feather pecking; reduces egg eating; reduces feed wastage
(iii) Culling: removes unproductive, old or sick animals; saves feed and space; improves overall productivity and quality of the flock/herd; reduces spread of disease
Give two separate reasons for each practice in (d).
(a) State five objectives of animal improvement. (b) Mention five signs that indicate that a pregnant animal is approaching parturition. (c) Name two disease causing organisms in livestock production. (d) Copy and complete the table below.
Nutrient | One function | One deficiency symptom
Calcium | |
Iodine | |
Vitamin A | |
Vitamin E | |
(a) Any five: higher yield of meat, milk, eggs or wool; faster growth/early maturity; better feed conversion; resistance to disease and pests; adaptation to the local climate; better quality products; higher fertility/prolificacy; good temperament
(b) Any five: restlessness; enlarged, swollen and reddish vulva; mucus discharge from the vulva; udder enlarges and teats fill with milk; relaxation/sinking of the pelvic ligaments around the tail head; frequent urination; isolation from the herd; loss of appetite; nest-making (sow, doe)
(c) Any two: bacteria; viruses; fungi; protozoa
(d) Calcium: forms bones and teeth/eggshell, helps blood clotting and muscle action; deficiency: rickets, weak bones, thin-shelled eggs, milk fever
Iodine: needed to make thyroxine which controls metabolism; deficiency: goitre (swollen neck), hairless young
Vitamin A: healthy eyes and epithelial tissues, growth; deficiency: night blindness, poor growth, rough skin
Vitamin E: normal reproduction/fertility and healthy muscles; deficiency: infertility, muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease), crazy chick disease
In (d), give exactly one function and one deficiency symptom for each nutrient.
(a) Explain each of the following terms as used in animal nutrition (i) ration; (ii) balanced diet; (iii) maintenance ration; (iv) production ration; (v) malnutrition. (b) Give two uses of each of the following animal products: (i) honey; (ii) wool; (c) horn; (d) milk; (e) egg.
(a)(i) Ration: the total amount of feed given to an animal in 24 hours
(ii) Balanced diet: feed that contains all the nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water) in the right proportions for the animal's needs
(iii) Maintenance ration: the feed needed just to keep the animal alive and its body functions going, without gain in weight or production
(iv) Production ration: feed given in addition to the maintenance ration for growth, pregnancy, milk, eggs, meat or wool production
(v) Malnutrition: poor health caused by a diet lacking one or more nutrients, or containing them in the wrong amounts
(b) Honey: food/sweetener; medicine; making wine and cosmetics. Wool: making clothes/blankets; carpets and rugs. Horn: making buttons, combs and ornaments; horn meal for feed/fertilizer; musical instruments. Milk: food/drink; making cheese, butter, yoghurt. Egg: food rich in protein; used in baking and confectionery; hatching of chicks; vaccine production
Give a clear one-line definition for each term, then two uses per product.
(a) Mention three equipment used in incubation of eggs. (b) State five measures a livestock farmer could adopt to control diseases on the farm. (c) Enumerate four advantages of artificial insemination (d) Discuss two methods of animal improvement.
(a) Any three: incubator; egg candler; thermometer; hygrometer; egg trays; egg turner; fumigation equipment
(b) Any five: vaccination; good sanitation/cleaning of pens; isolating/quarantining sick and new animals; regular deworming and dipping/spraying; balanced feeding; avoiding overcrowding; using disease-resistant breeds; proper disposal of dead animals; footbath at farm entrance; prompt treatment by a veterinarian
(c) Any four: semen of one superior male can serve many females; reduces cost of keeping males; prevents spread of venereal diseases; semen can be stored and transported long distances; allows use of semen from very heavy or dead males; makes record keeping and breeding programmes easier; avoids injury to small females
(d) Any two methods, each explained: Selection – choosing animals with desirable traits as parents and culling the poor ones; Breeding/mating systems – inbreeding (mating closely related animals to fix traits), outbreeding/crossbreeding (mating unrelated or different breeds to gain hybrid vigour), line breeding; Introduction of exotic breeds; Artificial insemination; Improved management (feeding, health) so animals reach their genetic potential
For (d), name the method and explain how it improves the animals.